chap 1 - the nature of psychology
TRANSCRIPT
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The Nature of Psychology
Compiled By:Bro. Hans Moran, FSC
USLS Psychology Department
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W hat is Psychology?
A tkinson Psychology is the scientific studyof behavior and mental process
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Psychology is
A science therefore it is an objective and scientific study
of how people behave and think
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W hat is the aim of Psychology?
T o Understand behavior Explain behavior
Predict behavior A nd to Control behavior
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N ativist viewDescartes
Ideas are innate to manFrom within and naturalFrom inside man
Empiricist viewJohn Locke
Knowledge is acquiredthrough experiencesand interaction with theworldFrom outside man
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W ilhem W undt
founded psychology asan academic disciplinein 1879.Established the firstPsychology Laboratoryin the University of Leipzig in G ermany.
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G. Stanley H all
Studied with WundtEstablished firstPsychology Laboratoryin the US in 1883 atJohn HopkinsUniversity
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J . McKeen Cattell
A nother of Wundt StudentFirst person to be called Professor of
Psychology in the US in 1888Designed the 16 PF (sixteen PersonalityFactor Questionnaire Personality test)
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Sir Francis G alton
Studied individualdifferences as early as1869.T hese lead to thedevelopment of intelligence tests
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Structuralism
Edward T itchener ( A nother Wundt Student)A nalyzed the basic elements of conscious
experience by using introspectionPeople reported the content of their conscious experience
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Functionalism
William James (Harvard psychologist)Concerned about how the consciousness
functions
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Psychoanalysis
Sigmund FreudHuman behavior is governed by the
unconscious
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B ehaviorism
John B. WatsonConcerned with the study of obvert behavior
what can be seen and measured.What happens within is not as important asthe outward behavior Based on stimulus (outside action) andresponse (behavior reaction)
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G estalt Psychology
Max Wertheimer G estalt meaning patterns, form or
configurationConcerned with how people form patterns of their experience and how they organize theseexperiences into patterns
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R ecent Developments
Information Processing System by HerbertSimon
Modern Linguistics by N oam Chomskythe study of how mental structures are requiredfor comprehension and speech
N europsychologyRelationship between medical neurobiologicalevents (nervous system) and mental processes
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H istory in the Philippines
17 th Century University of San Carlos in Cebu and in Universityof Sto. T omas in Manila
18 th centuryWas a part of the Philosophy Department
1926T
aught as a separate subject in UP as part of EducationSeparate Department
First in US T
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Pioneers in the Philippines
A gustine A lonzo First head of UPdepartment of Psychology
Sinforoso Padilla First to major inPsychology from Undergraduate to DoctoralLevelA ngel de Blas Made First ExperimentalPsychology Lab in US T
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Estefania A ldaba- Lim First to receive aDoctorate in Clinical Psychology from
University of MichiganA lfredo Lagman Chair of UP PsychologyDepartment for 22 yearsJaime Bulatao, S. J. established theDepartment of Psychology in A teneo deManila
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Psychological Association of the Philippines
Founded in 1962Padilla, Lagman, Fr. Bulatao, and A ldaba-Lim
served as the first 4 presidents of P A PG oals
T o advocate learning, teaching and research as ascienceA dvocate the practice of psychology as aprofessionT o promote human welfare
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Perspectives inPsychology
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B iological Approach
Concerned with N eurobilological processesIts relation with behavior and mental
processesN ervous System and Endocrine System-biological causes of behavior and mentalprocesses
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Cognitive Approach
Concerned with mental processesPerception, remembering, reasoning,
decision making, problem solvingBy studying the mental processes we canunderstand why people do the things they do
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Psychoanalytic Approach
Mans behavior stems from a part within thathe is not conscious or aware of
People are not aware of their inner mostfears and desiresT hese fears and desires within influence theway we behave and the way we think
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Phenomenological Approach
Each person is a rare and uniquephenomenon and cannot be copied or imitated no two persons are the same, eventwinsConcern is the study of each individual as anindividual, their inner life, their experiences,
their lifeT his will help us understand behavior andmental processes
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Fields/Specializationsin Psychology
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Developmental Psychology
Study of human development and the factorsthat shape behavior from birth to old age
How do people grow up and developA re there similar experiences of differentpeople who are the same age?Why do these experiences happen?What effect on the person do theseexperiences have?
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Social Psychology
T he study of how people think about,influence, relate with one another, and theways these interactions with other peopleinfluence attitudes and behavior T his is about how people behave and thinkwhen they are interacting with other people
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Personality Psychology
T he study of individual differencesWhat makes each person unique and
different from each other
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Clinical Psychology
T he study that deals with the diagnosis andtreatment of emotional and behavioralproblemsT his is limited to psychiatric patients who arehighly disturbed
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Counseling Psychology
T he study deals with normal personalproblems such as academic, social, or vocational problemsT his differs from Clinical in that counselinghelps individuals who are normal and nothighly disturbed
Clinical Psychology are for those who arehighly disturbed that they are no longer normal
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School and EducationalPsychology
Study deals with the evaluation of learning of individuals in school
Study also deals with how to influencelearning which is a relatively permanentchange in behavior
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Industrial/OrganizationalPsychology
Study involves the selection of people mostsuitable for a particular job, the developmentof programs to train people to work inorganizations, and the identification of consumer behavior
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Engineering/ H uman FactorsEngineering psychology
T he study of how people and machines arerelated and how to improve this relationshipT
his is also designing machines to fit humanbehavior and attitudes rather than justmaking machines and hoping people adjustto the machines
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Environmental Psychology
T his study the how the climate, naturalresources, weather patterns, theenvironmental conditions, land conditions, thewater supply affects the way people think andbehave.T he harsh and limited land area of Ilocoscreate people who are frugal and whomigrate to other places.During the cycle of the full moon, studentstalk louder, laugh more, and are more giddy.
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Physiological/ B iologicalPsychology
T he study that employs the biologicalperspective,
seeks to discover the relationship betweenbiological processes and human behavior How our human body affects our behavior and thought processes
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Experimental Psychology
Uses the experimental method in studyinghuman behavior and mental process
It studies how people react to externalstimulations, how people learn, how peopleremember, how people perceive the worldT his studies all the other fields of psychologytrying to establish cause and effectrelationships between other factors andhuman behavior
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Forensic Psychology
How law and legal proceedings applies tohuman behavior and mental processesT
he application of psychology in solvingvarious crimes
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Sports Psychology
Study applies theories and knowledge inpsychology to enhance athletes and coachesperformanceIt is used in building team spirit and enhanceathletes self-esteem to become winnersIt is also used to out psych opponents to givea winning advantage
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Neuropsychology
T he study that deals with the diagnosis andrehabilitation of brain disorders and its effectson a persons behavior and mental processesN euro meaning human brain
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Consumer Psychology
Deals with the activities directly involved inselecting, obtaining, and using productsservices and ideas to satisfy needs anddesires, including decision processes thatprecede and follow these actionsHow do consumers choose a product? Howdo they buy what they need? How do theyuse these products?How do we get people to buy a product theymay not know they need?
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H ealth Psychology
T he study of the cognitive, affective,behavioral and interpersonal factors affectinghealth and illness.T his studies how a persons attitude andfeelings affect their physical health.Does the way you think affect the way your heart beats, the way you breath, or the wayyour stomach makes acid?What sicknesses are related to certainpsychological problems?
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R esearchMethodology
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Descriptive R esearch
A ims to describe behavior and mentalprocesses in a natural settingA ims to understand what different things(variables) affect behavior and mentalprocessA lso called Observational research becauseit uses the power of observationField studies are an example of descriptiveresearch
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Descriptive Strategies
1. Observation / Field Study1. Participant & non Participant
2. Surveys1. Interviews & Questionnaires2. Open ended and closed questions
3. Case Histories
4. A rchival Research5. Pakapa-kapa ( G roping A round Method)6. T heory G eneration like G rounded T heory
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Correlational R esearch
A ims to determine if there is a relationshipbetween two different things that affectbehavior and mental processesOr to determine if are two behaviors or mental processes are related in influencing aperson.
Example: Is there a relationship betweenones shyness, ones grades, and onesassertiveness
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Correlational R esearch
T o establish if there is a relationship, twovariables are measured and subjected to theCorrelational Statistics+ 1.00 = perfect positive relationship, asones shyness increases, ones gradesincrease
- 1.00 = perfect negative relationship, asones shyness increases, ones gradesdecreases
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Experimental R esearch
A ims to determine if a cause and effectrelationship exists between two variables.Cause = Independent Variable; Effect =dependent variableIn these studies the independent variable ismanipulated (changed) so as to determine if the dependent variable changes.Random sampling is necessary for a trueExperimental research design
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Experimental R esearch
Quasi-experimental design (parangexperimental design)
Only difference is that these do not haverandom sampling