chapter 01 sc f4
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Mulakan dengan lafaz
Problems are questions raised from one’s curiosity about a phenomenon or an observation in his/her surroundings.
For example, “ What makes a bulb light up brighter”
Variables are factors involved in a scientific investigation. The variable that you change is called manipulated variable. The responding variable is what you observe or measure to obtains results. Factors that are not changed are called constant variables.
A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. It shows the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable. For example, if more batteries are used then the bulb becomes brighter.
Planning the investigation is very important so that the hypothesis could be tested. This involves the following1. Identifying the materials and apparatus used.2. Determining the procedure which includes what to observe or what to measure in the investigation.
Carry out investigation according to the procedures as planned earlier.
Collect and record data based on the observations or measurements. The data should be collected and organised systematically.
Analyze the data to look for any patterns or trends. Pattern can become obvious if you organize your data in the form of graph, table or chart. It helps to interpret the data collected.
Based on the analysis and interpretation of data, a conclusion is drawn to accept or reject the hypothesis.
A report of a scientific investigation should contain the following items:1. Purpose – a statement about the problem.2. Hypothesis – a suggested answer to the problem.3. Variables – manipulated variable, responding variable and constant variable.4. Materials and apparatus used.5. Procedure – steps used in the investigation.6. Data collection – observation or measurements of the experiment.7. Analysis and interpretation of data.8. Conclusion – a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis.
To investigate the relationship between the number of batteries used and the brightness of a bulb.
If more batteries are used then the bulb becomes brighter.
1. Manipulated variable : The number of batteries used.2. Responding variable : The brightness of the bulb.3. Constant variable : a. The number and type of
bulbs used. b. The type of batteries used
1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram.
2. The brightness of the bulb was observed and recorded.
3. The experiment was repeated using two or more
batteries and the brightness of the bulb was recorded.
Batteries, bulbs and wires
Figure 1.1
A Complete Circuit Diagram
Batteries
Bulb
Numbers of batteries
Brightness of bulb
Bright Brighter Very bright
1
2
3
1 2 3
Number of batteries
Brightness
of bulb
The graph above shows that the brightness of the bulb increases with the number of batteries used
When more batteries are used, the bulb lights up brighter.
Therefore, the hypothesis is accepted.
The scientific investigation are important because they encourage us to:
1. Think scientifically.
2. Do work systematically.
3. Evaluate the information that we receive without any
biasness.
4. Think critically and analytically
1. Having an interest and curiosity towards the environment
2. Being honest and accurate in recording and validating data
3. Being diligent and perservering
4. Being responsible about the safety of oneself, others, and the
environment.
5. Realising that science is a means to understand nature.
6. Appreaciating and practising clean and healthy living.
7. Appreaciating the balance of nature
8. Being respectful and well-mannered
9. Appreciating the contributions of science and technology.
10. Being thankful to God.
11. Having critical and analytical thinking
12. Being flexible and open-minded.
13. Being kind-hearted and caring.
14. Being objective.
15. Being systematic.
16. Being cooperative.
17. Being fair and just.
18. Daring to try.
19. Thinking rationally.
20. Being confident and independent.
Which of the following is TRUE about hypothesis?
A Hypothesis is a true statement
B Hypothesis is a result of an experiment
C Hypothesis is an early conclusion that may be true or falseD Hypothesis is a general statement of relationship between manipulated variable and responding variable.
Which of the following is TRUE about inference?
A Inference is a true statement
B Inference is the result of an experiment study
C Inference is an early conclusion that may be true
or false
D Inference is a general statement of relationship
between manipulated variable and responding
variable.
Which of the following is NOT done by a scientist when conducting a scientific investigation?
A To analyze data
B To make hypothesis
C To ascertain and control the variables
D To make a conclusive result before conducting
an experiment
The scientific approach in fully understanding scientific concepts is to
I think like a scientist
II have a deep desire to explore the unknown
III appreciate inventions by other scientists
A I and II only
B II and III only
C I, II and III.
D I only
Which of the following is NOT TRUE about a scientific investigation?
A Analyze data
B Interpret data
C Identify suitable variables
D Not having a plan for the investigation
Results of an experiment must be carefully recorded because
I we do not have to refer to the results again
II we can analyze the results
III other scientist can be informed of the findings
A III only
B I and II only
C II and III only
D I, II and III
A report on an experiment should contain the following,
I Observation
II Materials and apparatus
III Aim of the experiment
A I and II only
B I and III only
C II and III only
D I, II and III
A report can be presented in the form of
I Drawings
II Graphs
III Histograms
A III only
B I and II only
C II and III only
D I, II and III
Which of the following is NOT a scientific attitude to adapt when conducting a scientific investigations?
A be biased
B be positive
C be objective
D be critical
In studying science, students need to master the scientific skills. Scientific skills include
I science presentation skills
II science manipulated skills
III science process skills
A I only
B I and II only
C II and III only
D I, II and III
Which of the following is NOT a scientific attitude and noble value?
A to appreciate contributions by scientific and technology
B interest and the urge to know more about the
environment
C honest and reliable when recording and conforming
data
D to conduct an experiment in a hasty manner
Making a hypothesis
Interpreting data Reporting
The flow chart shows steps involved in a scientific investigation. Complete the table below with the correct answers.
Study the following statement.
You are given
- 2 empty tins
- Sand
(a) Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement
(b) Describe an experiment to test your hypothesis based on the
following criteria
(i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Identification of varibles
(iii) List of apparatus
(iv) Method
(v) Tabulation of data