chapter 1 notesmrsruddhistory.weebly.com/uploads/4/9/4/7/49475837/human... · 2018-08-30 ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1
Notes“HUMAN BEGINNINGS”
Score Discussion Notes
4.0 Student has mastered the learning goal and can fully
explain and apply information from the agricultural
revolution.
3.0 Student can summarize the goal and explain most of
the information about the agricultural revolution
2.0 Student can recall some elements of the goal, but does
not feel confident applying information about the
agricultural revolution
1.0 Student does not understand the agricultural revolution
fully but can identify some of its features.
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Bellwork:
DBQ
What animals are pictured?
Which tools?
What does the presence of art
tell us about a culture?
Figure 1: Cave painting
found in Lascaux, France.
Paintings are believed to
have been made 16,000
years ago
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Discovery of Early
Americans
Important Terms to Know: Prehistory = period of time before people
developed writing
Hominids = human beings and the humanlike creatures that preceded them
Anthropology = the scientific study of hominids (physical features, development, behavior, etc.)
Paleontologist = study fossil remains
Archaeologists = unearth and interpret objects left behind by prehistoric people
Dating Early Artifacts
Radiocarbon dating is used
to determine the age of
once living things
Scientists also use DNA
evidence to understand
earlier peoples
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Prehistoric Finds in Africa
Aramis = a site in Ethiopia where paleontologist Gen Suwa discovered the oldest human remains ever found (4.4 million years old)
Hadar = a site farther north where scientists discovered “Lucy” - a woman’s remains from 3.2 million years ago
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Human Origins
First pre-human hominids date back about 4.4
million years
Called Australopithecus = “southern ape”
About 65 pounds and 4 feet tall
Mostly likely nomads = moving constantly in search
of food
No evidence that they used tools
Human Origins Human hominids are divided into 3 species that arose at
different times in prehistory:
1) Homo habilis = person with ability
2) Homo erectus = person who walks upright
3) Homo sapiens = person who thinks
*Homo is a Latin word meaning “human”
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The Ice Ages
Between 2 million and 10,000 years ago, the Earth experienced 4 long periods of cold climate (Ice Ages)
Average temperatures dropped below freezing and glaciers spread from the Poles
Level of the oceans dropped, causing land bridges to appear
Early humans responded by adapting to the cold or moving to warmer places
Early humans also developed other strategies for keeping warm, such as clothing and fire
Human Migration
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Early Human Culture
Culture = a way of life that includes language, religion, eating habits, clothing, arts, etc.
Humans began making tools (began with sticks and stones)
Improved their way of life through technology = skills and knowledge available
Began making more specialized tools
The use of stone tools led to the term “Stone Age” Divided into 3 periods:
1) Paleolithic = Old Stone Age
2) Mesolithic = Middle Stone Age
3) Neolithic = New Stone Age
Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherers
(Homo habilis & Homo erectus)
Not much is known about their culture
Homo habilis (2.5 to 1.5 million years ago) = oldest hominid known to create tools
Homo erectus (1.8 million to 30,000 years ago) = more is known about this species First appeared in Africa then migrated to
parts of Europe and Asia
Learned how to make fire
Lived in caves
Mostly food gatherers
Made clothing
Used grunts and gestures for communication
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Paleolithic Hunter-
Gatherers
But by 50,000 years ago, prehistoric people
developed language
This achievement allowed them to work with one
another and pass knowledge down to the next
generation
The Appearance of Homo
Sapiens
First Homo sapiens = the Neanderthals
Evidence of the first Homo sapiens = 200,000 years ago
Named after the Neander Valley in Germany where they were discovered
Stood about 5.5 feet tall with very stocky bodies
Slightly larger brains
Nomadic hunter-gatherers
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The Neanderthals
Made better tools -- knives, spear points
Lived in groups of 35-50 people
Shelters build out of branches & animal skin -- used caves in colder climates
Practiced medicine
Believed in life after death --covered bodies of the dead with flowers in shallow graves with food, tools, and weapons
Homo Sapiens Sapiens =
Modern Humans
Originated in Africa about 50,000 years ago
Dominated the Neanderthals and maybe even Homo erectus
Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens were called Cro-Magnons
Taller but less stocky than Neanderthals
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Cro-Magnons
Better Technology
Thinner and sharper blades
Hammers, hoes, fishhooks, needles
Axe - chopped down trees for canoes
Could now travel rivers and seacoasts
Spear-thrower & bow and arrow
Allowed them to hunt larger animals and more at a time
This meant there was more food and more people
By 15,000 BCE = 2 million people in the world
Groups joined together for big hunts
Resulted in establishment of rules and leaders
Cro-Magnons
More permanent homes
Created cave paintings (found in France) and sculptures
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The Neolithic
(Agricultural) Revolution Humans began producing
food
Tamed & domesticated animals for their use (dogs, goats, etc.)
Sickle invented for cutting grains; pottery used as containers
Crops grown
People began settling into communities
Earliest villages = Jericho (in modern West Bank) and Catal Huyuk (in present-day Turkey)
Agricultural Revolution
Invented plow and trained oxen to pull it
Used fertilizer
Invented the loom (to make cloth)
Invented the wheel, bricks, calendars
Warfare began as people competed for land and water
Believed in gods and goddesses
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A surplus of food leads to job specialization and the ability and time to develop:
Organized religion
A written language
Goods that can be traded
Government
Social Stratification
Rulers, priests, artisans, merchants, peasants, slaves
Monuments and buildings that illustrate architectural achievement
Improved technology
Metallurgy
Copper
Copper + Tin = Bronze
The Bronze Age (3000 BCE)
Iron
The Iron Age (1300 BCE)
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Emergence of Civilization
Early farming villages developed into complex societies
known as civilizations
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River Valley Civilizations
Earliest civilizations were in river valleys
1) Nile River in northeastern Africa
2) Tigris & Euphrates rivers in Middle East
3) Indus River in India
4) Huang He in China
Men & women did specific jobs
There was a form of government
Had values and beliefs
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The Economy of a Civilization
Economy = the way people
use the environment to meet
their material needs
Economy of early civilizations
depended on farmers
growing surplus food
Built irrigation systems for
crops (dug ditches & canals)
Let farmers grow more food because they didn’t have to wait for rain
The Rise of Cities
Government officials oversaw the collection & distribution
of crops
Professional soldiers were hired to guard the territory &
trade routes
Led by a king
Developed a writing system
Was first invented by priests as a way of recording religious
gifts
Important tool for record keeping, taxes
Later, used to record battle victories and laws
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Systems of Values
Priests recorded myths
Explained how the world was
formed
Told of how people came into being
Sumerians (ancient people from
Mesopotamia) wrote their myths on
7 clay tablets
Big Picture
Environment is altered (Theme 1)
Developments were made and cultures interacted (Theme 2)
As civilizations progress, the status of women declines (Theme 5)