Chapter 1

Orientation to Human Body

I. Anatomy overview (static)

A. Topics

• Gross Anatomy - __________________ 1. Regional- shoulder, abdomen, head and neck……

2. Systemic- integument, nervous, skeletal……..

• Microscopic-___________________. 1. Cytological- cellular

2. Histological- tissues

• Developmental- 1. Embryological

2. Anatomical imaging- X-rays, MRI, ultrasound.

• Neurophysiology, renal, sports,

pathological

• Focuses on the cellular level.

• An understanding of physics,

biomechanics, and chemistry is

essential.

I. Physiologic Overview (dynamic)

III. Hierarchy of organization

A. Levels

1. Atomic - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

2. Cellular - functioning part of the body. Many different type of cells that perform many different function. Lens of eye. Neuron, blood, bone, skin,…….

3. Tissues - groups of cells that have common function.

4. Organs - complex processes are possible. Heart

5. Organ Systems - DIMERSCReNUL

B. Classification

1. Maintenance- Protection from outside. Protection from within. i.e. integument and cell walls.

2. Movement- blood, bodies, air….

3. Responsiveness- senses. Voluntary and in volitional. Fight or Flight

4. Digestive-

5. Metabolism- chemical reactions. Respiration, Replication, Transcription

6. Excretion- Wastes

7. Reproduction- Mitosis, Meiosis

8. Growth

I. Anatomical position

• Standing erect, arms hanging

at the sides with palms forward

and thumbs pointed away.

• Regional terms are used for

specific areas… Thoracic,

Cephalic, orbital, dorsum…

A. Planes and Sections

1. Cuts are made along an imaginary plane. They divide the body into right and left and top and bottom.

2. Sagittal - runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left.

3. Frontal - runs longitudinally and divides the body into front and back. (coronal)

4. Transverse -runs horizontally across the long axis of the body or organ. (cross sections and oblique)

Planes cont…

Directions

B. Body cavities 1. Dorsal Body Cavity - located posteriorly and

includes the cranium, and spinal column.

2. Ventral - (Viscera) • Superior is the Thoracic cavity

• Pleural- lungs, mediastinum-pericardial,

• Inferior- is the abdominopelvic cavity

• Abdominal- stomach, intestines,

• Pelvic- bladder, reproductive organs

3. Linings- • Serosa - surrounds the cavity and outer surface of

the organs.

• Parietal- lines the cavity walls.

• Visceral serosa- covers the organs and is made up by the parietal serosa.

4. Oral, nasal, orbital middle ear, synovial.

Cavities

Quadrants (nine regions)

1. umbilical-

2. epigastric- superior to umbilical

3. hypogastric- inferior to umbilical

4. Right and left iliac. (inguinal) lateral to the hypogastric

5. right and left lumbar- lateral to the umbilical

6. Right and left hypochondriac- lateral to the epigastric.

Structures w/in quads.

• Preferred method is the

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

• Figure 1.1 (study)

• Ppg. 12-14 Homeostasis.

Homeostasis

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