Chapter 1-3. Development for What?

Mweong-Mi?

Prof. Jin-Wan Seo, Ph.D.

Department of Public Administration

University of Incheon, KOREA

http://prof.incheon.ac.kr/~sjinwan

1. Traditional Views

1) Polarized Views

(1) Uni-linear Approach

(2) Dialectic Approach

2) Two-Dimensional View

2. Isolationistic View

Major Views for Development

1. Polarized View

• Understand the world from one extreme to other extreme

• Polarizing the world basically into two development movement from one extreme toward another extreme

• Assumption: – _________________ is inevitable as is the changes in human societies on.

• Political philosophy in 19th

dictatorship democracy

(one/few) (many) 

• Two outstanding approaches

• Uni-linear Approach: Almond, Weber, Parsons- Differentiation of ________ and _________

- Secularization of culture (achievement patterns)

- Move according to modernization

parochial subjects participants

• Dialectic Approach: Marx, Mao- Thesis Anti-thesis _____________

- Movement from class to classless (from capitalism to communism)

2. Two-Dimensional View

• Understand the world in two dimensions

• It changes, but it is not automatically followed by _______________- change (modernization) is one dimension, whereas development is another deve

lopment:

- a great human effort to increase in the capabilities of solving problems arising in the process of modernization (change)

• Modernization does not necessarily increase those capabilities. (G. Almond)

• Change: Modernization (universality) - increase in communalities; differentiation, urbanization, mass communications, e

ducation, transportation, etc.

• Unchanged: Diversity (particularity)- tradition, language, religion, race, ethnicity, etc.

• Institutionalization (Samuel Huntington)

social mobilization1) ----------------------------------- = __________________ economic development  social frustration2) ----------------------------------- = political participation mobility opportunity  political participation3) ----------------------------------- = ___________________ political institutionalization

3. Isolationistic View

• Understand the world kaleidoscopically; thus beautiful- all the traditional cultures are indeed good

- each was created more suitably to its own environment

• Development:- trial and error to going back to the eternal self from where you are; to change the patt

ern of culture is not to develop, but to destroy the society (ex. anthropologists, ecologists)

- primitive preindustrial industrialization destruction of nature's order chaos age of ice. (new virus, pollution, weather, etc.)

• Jean Jacque Rousseau: “Go back to the nature!”

• _______________ theory (Andre G. Frank, Gamer)- from internationalists to isolationists

- from satellites to center for their own

- from modern to tradition.

4. Strategies: Theory and Practice

• Uni-linear Approach- Movement from _______________ to modern

- Assumption: development will take place only when nations leave behind traditional modes of behavior

 - Strategies: how to leave

 

• A. K.W. Deutsch- facilitate (by means of increase in communication) balance between social mobilization and assi

milation

• C. Johnson- synchronization between environment (social structure) & value system (social characteristics)

•  I. L. Horowitz- adaptation to industrialization

4. Strategies: Theory and Practice

• Manfred Halpern- new middle class as a prime moving force; transform the imbalances for continuing

transformation

• J. Kautsky- industrialization by the modernizers (value in material progress, pop. part., equality)

 

• S. Huntington- the middle class steals most of those potential gains by the poor

 

• G. Almond- adaptation

- recruitment into and creation of differentiated structure

- socialization and creation of supportive culture

- compliance & legitimacy, identity, participant culture, political expectation

- communication linkages to integrate the specialized & interdependent roles

4. Strategies: Theory and Practice

• Two-Dimensional Approach- Increase the ________________of solving problems in modernization

 

• F. Riggs- Arena factors: power, solidarity and prestige of ruling groups constitute P-C relation what

Riggs calls "dependency syndrome.“

Alternative 1: aspect of political system

-reintegration of the political, social, economic, and cultural systems (fundamental transformation to be taken place)

- slow down administrative development to achieve balanced development

 

Alternative 2: aspect of political culture

- coordination, integration of universality and particularity: political leadership in the effort required

4. Strategies: Theory and Practice

• S. Huntington- political instability = political decay (negative development)

- P-C relation enhances the power of the middle class that makes the poor as well as the rich worse off.

Alternative 1: aspect of political system

-political institutionalization: political organizations should be complex, flexible, cohesive, and autonomous

  Alternative 2: aspect of political culture

- a class-based party of the poor.

-Following his suggestion would possibly make a society rather rigid than flexible, rather subordinate than autonomous and rather single than complex.

- Dysfunction of closing out social mobilization (information and control) and political participation (dictatorship)

4. Strategies: Theory and Practice

• Isolationistic Approach- get back to where you once belonged from satellites to its own center

- from modern (_____________ ) to traditional (its own)

• Andre G. Frank- Development: a self sustained process of industrialization

- satellites should break the tie with the metropolitan centers

- solve the problem posed in distribution

• Immanuel Wallerstein- strengthening the individual culture of the nation

- strengthening those traditional elements of the army, bureaucracy, religions leadership and landowners who were least dependent on the world economy

- get out of step with the capitalist Western economy, but in step with pre-capital institutions

4. Strategies: Theory and Practice

• Robert E. Gamer- Strategies:

- controlling consumption

- develop their own energy sources (genuine methods)

- communal tenure in village level - regrouping recultivating (grain)

- assumption 1:

- development: a stable personal environment

- assumption 2:

- before developing nations can develop they must become less dependent on the rest of the world. If developed nations are to stay developed, they too, must become less dependent on the outside world. Nations can do this without giving up many of the blessing which modernization has made possible.

- Waste of Food; waste through feedlots; waste through snacking; waste through undereating and overeating; institutional waste: ex. flour mill