The first semester of General Biology: The cell, genetics and development

(BI170)Instructors:

Dr. Geoffrey ChurchDr. Anita Fernandez

The first semester of General Biology: The cell, genetics and development

(BI170)Instructors:

Dr. Geoffrey ChurchDr. Anita Fernandez

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AnnouncementsAnnouncements

Pre-Health student meeting tomorrow night @ 7:30 pm, here.

EMT course still open, starts tomorrow evening (Registrar)

No Gen Bio class on Friday. Go to convocation

The SyllabusThe SyllabusYour contract for the course (everything you can expect to have to do, and expect from the professors)

You can find it at http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/biology/gen_bio/lecture_170.html

Print out a copy and keep it with your class materials!-let’s take a look

General Biology website(BI170, 171, & 172)

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/gen_bio

BI170 Course WebsiteCourse ID: BI170FALL09

http://www.masteringbio.com

iClicker Registrationhttp://www.iclicker.com/registration

General Biology website(BI170, 171, & 172)

http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/gen_bio

BI170 Course WebsiteCourse ID: BI170FALL09

http://www.masteringbio.com

iClicker Registrationhttp://www.iclicker.com/registration

The Text BookThe Text Book

Biological Science 3rd ed. By Scott Freeman

Study aids are found online at MasteringBio.com

Managing Gen Bio with other courses/obligations

Managing Gen Bio with other courses/obligations

•Time management!•Bio, chem, calc, English, core•3 hours for every 1 hour in class for the sciences (2:1 for others)

What is covered? What isn’t?What is covered? What isn’t?

Skipping chapter 2 (chemistry of water and basic bonding etc.)-you’ll need to refresh on your own

Chapter 1Cell Theory, Natural Selection, Tree of Life, experimental design and hypothesis testing, “Doing Biology”

Chapters 3, 4, 6, 7 (Skipping 5)

First Exam is Sept. 22nd (that’s only three weeks!)

Biology and the Tree of LifeChapter 1

1.1 The Cell Theory

1.2 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

1.3 The Tree of Life

1.4 Doing Biology

Biology and the Tree of LifeChapter 1

1.1 The Cell Theory

1.2 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

1.3 The Tree of Life

1.4 Doing Biology

What is a theory?What is a theory?

Are there different meanings for the term theory?

How is it understood in science?

Are there different meanings for the term theory?

How is it understood in science?

How does the word theory in science differ from its use in

everyday English?

How does the word theory in science differ from its use in

everyday English?

A. There is no difference—the usages are interchangeable.

B. A scientific theory is always right and never changes.

C. Scientific theories are testable explanations, not speculative guesses.

D. A scientific theory can be confirmed by a single experiment designed to prove its accuracy.

A. There is no difference—the usages are interchangeable.

B. A scientific theory is always right and never changes.

C. Scientific theories are testable explanations, not speculative guesses.

D. A scientific theory can be confirmed by a single experiment designed to prove its accuracy.

1.1 The Cell Theory1.1 The Cell Theory

In the late 1660s, Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek were the first to observe cells (Figure 1.1).

In the late 1660s, Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek were the first to observe cells (Figure 1.1).

…using only a crude microscope (mag of only 30X).

…using a more advanced microscope (mag of 300X).

So where do cells come from?So where do cells come from?

Are All Organisms Made of Cells?

By 1800’s, enough data was collected to support this theory. YES!

Are All Organisms Made of Cells?

By 1800’s, enough data was collected to support this theory. YES!

(with even better scopes today this is still the case)

Louis Pasteur demonstrated that cells arise from cells and NOT by spontaneous generation (Figure 1.2). Example of the scientific method.

Louis Pasteur demonstrated that cells arise from cells and NOT by spontaneous generation (Figure 1.2). Example of the scientific method.

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The Cell Theory(Virchow, 1858)

1. All organisms are made of cells.

2. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

This is one of the two fundamental theories in biology.

*What is the other one?

The Cell Theory(Virchow, 1858)

1. All organisms are made of cells.

2. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

This is one of the two fundamental theories in biology.

*What is the other one?

1.2 The Theory of Evolutionby Natural Selection

1.2 The Theory of Evolutionby Natural Selection

In 1858, MOST scientists believed that species are independent and unrelated entities, which do NOT change over time.

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace INSTEAD made two claims:

All species are related through a common ancestorCharacteristics of species DO change over time

In 1858, MOST scientists believed that species are independent and unrelated entities, which do NOT change over time.

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace INSTEAD made two claims:

All species are related through a common ancestorCharacteristics of species DO change over time

The Theory of EvolutionThe Theory of Evolution

Evolution is the process by which species change over time while also being related to one another.

This is usually referred to as

“Descent with modification”

Evolution is the process by which species change over time while also being related to one another.

This is usually referred to as

“Descent with modification”

The UNIQUE contributions of Darwin and Wallace came from their explanation of HOW evolution occurs. They called this process “descent with modification” - later known as natural selection.

Theory of Natural Selection: Individuals in a population that possess more favorable, heritable traits produce more offspring than do individuals without those traits.

The UNIQUE contributions of Darwin and Wallace came from their explanation of HOW evolution occurs. They called this process “descent with modification” - later known as natural selection.

Theory of Natural Selection: Individuals in a population that possess more favorable, heritable traits produce more offspring than do individuals without those traits.

Two conditions must be met for natural selection to occur in a population:

(1) individuals in a population must differ from one another for some heritable trait(s); and

(2) individuals with certain heritable traits must survive and/or reproduce better than individuals with other traits (“fitness”).

Two conditions must be met for natural selection to occur in a population:

(1) individuals in a population must differ from one another for some heritable trait(s); and

(2) individuals with certain heritable traits must survive and/or reproduce better than individuals with other traits (“fitness”).

…so,

In natural selection, the population’s characteristics will change over time as the individuals with the favorable traits produce more offspring, and increase in frequency.

…so,

In natural selection, the population’s characteristics will change over time as the individuals with the favorable traits produce more offspring, and increase in frequency.

We can control evolution! - Artificial Selection

Evolution by Natural SelectionAdapted from the University of California, Los Angeles Life Sciences 1 Demonstration Manual

Copyright 2008 by Jennifer Doherty and Dr. Ingrid Waldron, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania

Describe what is happening in figures 1-3. Is the population of mice different in figure 3 than in figure 1? Explain why.

What characteristic could lion XXXXX have passed on to his offspring to increase their survival?

1.3 The Tree of Life1.3 The Tree of Life

The cell theory and the theory of evolution by natural selection imply that all species are descended from a single common ancestor at the root of a family tree of all organisms—the tree of life.

The cell theory and the theory of evolution by natural selection imply that all species are descended from a single common ancestor at the root of a family tree of all organisms—the tree of life.

Linnaean Taxonomy (1735)Linnaean Taxonomy (1735)

Linnaeus proposed a hierarchical system for classifying organisms. This was based on obvious features such as ability to move, ability to make own food, etc.2-kingdoms at first5-kingdoms (1960s)

Linnaeus proposed a hierarchical system for classifying organisms. This was based on obvious features such as ability to move, ability to make own food, etc.2-kingdoms at first5-kingdoms (1960s)

Using Molecules to Understand the Tree of Life!

Using Molecules to Understand the Tree of Life!

Carl Woese and colleagues began comparing organisms at the level of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), a molecule found in all organisms. They used this to understand the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Carl Woese and colleagues began comparing organisms at the level of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), a molecule found in all organisms. They used this to understand the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

• The rRNA tree of life reflects PHYLOGENY. It suggests three major groups of organisms, termed “domains”.

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Doing Biology

Why are chilies hot (capsaicin)?

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Predictions?

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What to do BEFORE next week’s class

What to do BEFORE next week’s class

•Register for Mastering biology at www.masteringbio.com using your access code from your book and the course ID•Our class ID is BI170FA09•Complete assignments on MasteringBio•Register your “clicker” at www.iclicker.com•PLGs do not begin until next week (Tues, Wed, Thurs)

Read Chapter 3 up to page 58.