chapter 1 basic word structure chapter sections i. word analysis n ii. combining forms, suffixes,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1
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Basic Word StructureCHAPTER SECTIONS
I . Word AnalysisII . Combinning Forms, Suffixes, and PictureIII. Exercise IV. ReviewV. Pronunciation of termsVI. Practical Applications
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• To divide medical terms in to component parts• To analyze, pronounce, and spell medical terms using
common combining forms ,suffixes, and prefixes
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Basic Elements of a Medical Word
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Medical Word ElementsSpecialized vocabulary used by health-care
practitioners
A medical word consists of:Word rootCombining formSuffixPrefix
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A. Word RootsThe core of a medical term
Contains the fundamental meaning
Most are derived from Greek or LatinEx. Greek word derm and Latin word cutane both refer to the skin
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Examples of Word Roots
Greek or Latin Word
Word Root Meaning
Nephros (Gr) Nephr Kidney
Oris (L) Or Mouth
Renes (L) Ren Kidney
Dermatos (Gr) Derm Skin
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Notice how the following medical term is analyzed. Can you locate the two combining
forms in this term?
GASTROENTEROLOGY
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Notice how the following medical term is analyzed. Can you locate the two combining forms in this term?
GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY
Root root suffix (“stomach”) (“intestines”) (“study of”)
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The two combining forms are GASTR/O and ENTER/O. The entire word means “study of the stomach and the intestine. “ Here are other words that are divided into component parts:
GASTROSCOPE
Combining form suffix (“stomach”) (“instrument to visually examine”)
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Here are other words that are divided into component parts:
GASTR/O/SCOPE
Combining form suffix (“stomach”) (“instrument to visually examine”) mean “instrument to visually
examine the stomach”.
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Combining FormWord root to which a vowel is added
Enables two elements to be connected
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Examples of Combining FormsWord Root
Vowel Combining Form
Meaning
Gastr O Gastr/o stomach
Hepat O Hepat/o Liver
Immun O Immun/o Immune, safe
Oste O Oste/o bone
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ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
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ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM
root root suffix (“electricity”) (“heart”) (“record”)
combining vowel combining vowel
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COMBINNING FORMS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMBINING MEDICAL
FORM MEANING TERM MEANING
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aden/o gland adenoma_________________________
adenitis _________________________
-ITIS means “inflammation.”
Arthr/o joint arthritis__________________________
Bi/o life biology__________________________
-LOGY mean “study of “.
biopsy _________________________
-OPSY means “to view.” Living tissue is
removed and viewed under a microsope.
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Carcin/o carcinoma____________________________
cancerous -OMA means “mass” or “tumor.”
Cardi/o heart Cardiology___________________________
Cephal/ohead cephalic____________________________
-IC mean “pertaining to.”
Cerebr/o cerebrum, cerebral____________________________
largest part -AL means “pertaining to, ”the Figure shows the
of the brain cerebrum .
cerebrovascular accident (CVA___________
-VASCULAR means “pertaining to blood
vessels”; a CVA is commonly known as a
stroke.
Cyst/o urinary cystoscope__________________________
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Cyt/o cell cytology_______________________________
Dermat/o skin dermatitis____________________________
Derm/o dermal______________________________
Electr/o electricity electrocardiogram (ECG,EKG)_____________
-GRAM means “record.”
Encephal/o brain electroencephalogram (EEG)_____________
This record is helpful in determining if a patient
has a seizure disorder, such a epilepsy.
Enter/o intestine enteritis_____________________________
(often the Figure shows the small and large intestines.
small ENTER/O is used to describe the small
intestine) intestine and COLON/O are the combining for
the large intestine (colon).
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Erythr/o red erythrocyte
-CYTE means “cell.” Figure below shows the three major
types of blood cells.
Gastr/o stomach Gastroscopy_______________________________
-SCOPY means “process of viewing.”
Gnos/o knowledge diagnosis_______________________________
-SIS means “state of”; DIA-means “complete.”
A diagnosis is the complete knowledge gained
after testing and examining the patient. The
Plural of diagnosis is diagnoses.
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prognosis__________________________
PRO- means “before.” A prognosis is a prediction
(“before knowledge”) that is actually made after
the diagnosis. It forecasts the outcome of
treatment.
Gynec/o woman
gynecology ----------------------------------------
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SuffixesWord element placed at the end of
a word or word root that changes the meaning of the word
A suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech
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Examples of SuffixesCombining
FormSuffix Medical
wordMeaning
Gastr/o
(stomach)
-itis(inflammation)
Gastritis Inflammation of the stomach
-megaly Gastromegaly Enlargement of the stomach
-oma Gastroma Tumor of the stomach
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The following table consists of suffixes showing disease or change in the body.
Suffix Meaning Example
-algia pain arthralgiajoints
-cele hernia gastrocelestomach
-dynia pain, swelling
urodyniaurine
-ectasis dilation, expansion
bronchiolectasisbronchus
-(a)emia blood leuk(a)emiawhite
-gen producing, beginning
carcinogencancer
-iasis abnormal condition, formation of, presence of
cholhgelithiasisgall stone
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The following table consists of suffixes showing disease or change in the body.
Suffix Meaning Example
-itis inflammation hepatitisstomach
-malacia softening osteomalaciabone
-megaly enlargement splenomegalyspleen
-oid resemble fibroidfibres
-oma tumour adenomagland
-osis abnormal condition, dermatosisskin
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-pathy disease nephropathykidney
-penia decrease,deficiency
erthyropeniared (cell)
-phagia eating, swallowing
dysphagiadifficult
-phasia speech aphasiawithout
-plegia paralysis,stroke
hemiplegiahalf
-phobia fear acrophobiaheights
Suffix Meaning Example
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-ptosis prolapse, fallingdropping
blepharoptosiseyelid
-rrhage burst haemorrhageblood
-rrhea discharge,flow of watery stools
diarrhea
-rrhexis rupture enterorrhexisintestines
-sclerosis hardening artheriosclerosisjoints
-spasm involuntarycontraction,twitching
bronchospasmbronchus
Suffix Meaning Example
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Suffix Meaning Example
-gram record of data encephalogrambrain
-graph instrument for recording cardiographheart
-graphy act of recording data radiography
-meter instrument for measuring craniometercranium
-metry measurement of audiometryaudio (hearing)
-scope instrument for viewing laryngoscopelarynx
-scopy examination of laparoscopyabdomen
Suffixes used for diagnoses
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Suffix Meaning Example
-ectomy removal mastectomybreast
-centesis tap, puncture thoracentesischest
-stomy mouth, forming an opening colostomy colon
-tomy incision, to cut into
tracheotomytrachea
Suffixes: Surgery-incisionsThese suffixes describe types of incisions made during surgery.
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Suffix Meaning Example
-desis binding ,stabilization
pleurodesispleural membrane (lining of the lung)
-rrhapy Suture, stitch Arteriorrhaphy – artery
-pexy fixation,suspension
gastropexystomach
-plasty formation,plastic repair
rhinoplastynose
-clasis to break down, refracture
osteoclasisbone
-lysis loosen, free form adhesions,destruction
enterolysissmall intestine
-tripsy to crush cholelithotripsygallstone
The following suffixes also describe surgery in terms of repairing, rebuilding, reconstructing, or binding
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Adjective endings Example
-ac cadiacheart
-al skeletalskeleton
-ary salivarysaliva
-ic pelvicpelvis
The following suffixes show the word parts. In other words, these suffixes show whether a word is an adjective, noun, singular or plural
or a diminutive of a larger word.Adjective endings that mean "pertaining to" are:
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Adjective endings Example
-ical surgicalsurgery
-ous venousvein
-tic paralyticparalysis
-ar muscularmuscles
The following suffixes show the word parts. In other words, these suffixes show whether a word is an adjective, noun, singular or plural or a diminutuve of a larger word.
Adjective endings that mean "pertaining to" are:
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Noun endings Meaning Example
-iac indicates person afflicted
with certain diseases or
conditions
hemophiliac
-ia an unhealthy state anesthesia
-is forms the noun from the root cutisskin
-ism condition, state of being alcholismalcohol
-ist one who specializes radiologistradiology
-y condition, process neuropathynervous systemdisease
Nouns endingsThese suffixes show the word is a noun.
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Diminutive ending Meaning Example
-ole artioleartery
-icle small, littleminute
particlepiece
-ule veinulevein
These suffixes show the word is a small version of a thing.
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Singular Plural
Example
Singular
Example
Plural
a ae patella patellae
ax aces thorax throraces
en ina lumen lumina
ix or ex ices index indices
These suffixes indicate whether the noun is singular or plural.
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Singular Plural
Example
Singular
Example
Plural
sis ses diagnosis diagnoses
on a ganglion ganglia
um a ovum ova
us i digitus digiti
y ies deformity deformities
ma mata carcinoma carcinomata
These suffixes indicate whether the noun is singular or plural.
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b. PrefixesWord element attached to the beginning
of a word or word root
A prefix usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, or negation
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Examples of PrefixesPrefix Word
Root
Suffix Medical Word
Meaning
Hyper-(above normal)
Therm
(heat)
-ia(condition)
Hyperthermia Condition of excessive heat
Intra-(in, within)
Muscul(muscle)
-ar(relating to)
Intramuscular Within the muscle
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Insert table 3-1
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Basic Rules
Defining Medical Words
Building Medical Words
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Defining Medical WordsRule #1
Define the suffix or last part of the word
Rule #2Define the first part of the word (word, root,
combining form, or prefix)
Rule #3Define the middle parts of the word
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Example of Defining Rules“Gastroenteritis”
Combining Form
Middle Suffix
Gastr/o Enter/ -itis
Stomach Intestine inflammation
Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 1
Definition – inflammation of the stomach and intestine
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Example of Defining Rules“Enterocolitis”
Combining Form
Middle Suffix
Enter/o col/ -itis
Intestine colon inflammation
Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 1
Definition – inflammation of the colon and intestine
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Building Medical Words
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Rule #1A word root links a suffix that begins with a vowelExample
Hepat/ + -itis = hepatitis Inflammation of the liver
Rule #2A combining form links a suffix that begins with a
consonantExample
Hepat/o + cyte = hepatocyte Liver cell
Rule #3Use a combining form to link a root to another
root to form a compound wordExample
Oste/o + chondr/ + -itis =osteochondritis Inflammation of bone and cartilage
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