MSU Extension

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Principles of PestPrinciples of PestManagementManagement

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Right of Way AreasRight of Way Areas

nn HighwaysHighwaysnn Utility areasUtility areasnn Pumping stationsPumping stationsnn Drainage waysDrainage waysnn Railroads, airportsRailroads, airportsnn Paths and trailsPaths and trails

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Integrated Pest Management(IPM) uses all available tacticsand strategies to manage pests.Minimal impact to theenvironment.

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In right- of - way pest management,woody and herbaceous plant speciesare the major pests.

Not easy to define a crop-pestrelationship.-

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The “crop” of right-of-ways is the services theright-of-way provides.

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Right of Way IPMRight of Way IPMComponentsComponents

nn Pest identificationPest identificationnn MonitoringMonitoringnn Site specific requirementsSite specific requirementsnn Development & implementationDevelopment & implementation

of control strategiesof control strategiesnn Evaluation of effectivenessEvaluation of effectiveness

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Record KeepingRecord Keeping

nn Control measures, datesControl measures, dates

nn Pesticides & related infoPesticides & related info

nn ID of crew & equipmentID of crew & equipment

nn Environmental conditionsEnvironmental conditions

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Pest ManagementPest ManagementTechniquesTechniques

nn Biological controlBiological control

nn Cultural controlCultural control

nn Mechanical controlMechanical control

nn Chemical controlChemical control

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Biological controls focus onenhancing the effects ofnatural enemies.

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Production by plants of chemicalsthat inhibit the growth of nearbyplants.

- black walnut

- quackgrass

- sunflower

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Cultural ControlsCultural Controls

nn Time of plantingTime of planting

nn Nurse cropsNurse crops

nn Controlled burningControlled burning

nn MulchingMulching

nn ShadingShading

nn SanitationSanitation

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Mechanical ControlMechanical Control

nn Mechanical / manualMechanical / manual

nn Mowing, trimming, cuttingMowing, trimming, cutting

– mowing height must control weed

plants and encourage desired

vegetation

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Chemical ControlChemical Control

nn FlexibilityFlexibility

nn “Brown out”“Brown out”

nn Timing.. LimitedTiming.. Limited

nn Public PerceptionsPublic Perceptions

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Site Requirements & PestSite Requirements & PestSpeciesSpecies

nn Will help to determine…Will help to determine…– pesticide to use

– application technique

– timing

– equipment selection

– mixing rate and additives

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Attitudes have changed.

Not all woody vegetationis considered undesirable.

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Environmental ConcernsEnvironmental Concerns

nn Wetlands are critical sensitive toWetlands are critical sensitive tochemicalschemicals

nn Use extreme care to avoidUse extreme care to avoidexposing wetlands and surfaceexposing wetlands and surfacewaters to pesticideswaters to pesticides– use a anti-back flow device

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Chapter 2Chapter 2

Weed Plants and TreesWeed Plants and Trees

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Weed = any plantgrowing where it is notwanted.

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Developmental StagesDevelopmental Stages

nn SeedlingSeedling

nn VegetativeVegetative

nn Seed ProductionSeed Production

nn MaturityMaturity

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Plant TypesPlant Types

nn AnnualAnnual

– summer

– winter

nn BiennialBiennial

nn PerennialPerennial

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Plant ClassificationPlant Classification

nn GrassesGrasses– monocots, fibrous root system,

growth point at soil surface,annual or perennial

nn SedgesSedges– similar to grasses, triangular

stems, perennial

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Plant ClassificationPlant Classification

nn Herbaceous Herbaceous broadleavesbroadleaves– annual, biennial, perennial

– net like venation

– dicots

– diverse growth points

– underground reproductive systems

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Plant ClassificationPlant Classification

nn VinesVines

nn Brush & treesBrush & trees

nn FernsFerns– spore reproduction, rhizomes

nn Parasitic seed plantsParasitic seed plants– dodder

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Aquatic PlantAquatic PlantClassificationClassification

nn EmergentEmergent

nn FloatingFloating

nn SubmergentSubmergent

nn AlgaeAlgae

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Submergent plants have athin outer layer on theirleaves and are verysusceptible to herbicideinjury.

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You must obtain a permit fromDEQ (DNR) to control aquaticplants.

Excluding: < 2 acres, no outlet,not RUP

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Ash: black, white, green

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Black locust

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Boxelder: ash- leaf maple

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Red maple (soft maple)

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Sassafras

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Black willow

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Black cherry

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American elm

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Trembling aspen, poplar

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Chicory

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Cattail

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Goldenrod

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Wild carrot (Queen Anne’s lace)

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Poison ivy

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Canada thistle

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Musk Thistle

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Purple loosestrife

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Phragmites

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Chapter 3Chapter 3

Herbicides & WeedsHerbicides & Weeds

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Herbicides arepesticides that controlweeds.

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Factors Affecting HerbicidalFactors Affecting HerbicidalActionAction

nn Herbicidal action characteristicsHerbicidal action characteristics

nn Plant characteristicsPlant characteristics

nn Climatic factorsClimatic factors

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Herbicidal ActionHerbicidal ActionCharacteristicsCharacteristics

nn Foliage or root absorbedFoliage or root absorbed

nn Contact or Contact or translocatedtranslocated

nn Persistent or non- persistentPersistent or non- persistent

nn Selective or Non- selectiveSelective or Non- selective

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Plant CharacteristicsPlant Characteristics

nn Growing pointsGrowing points

nn Leaf shapeLeaf shape

nn Wax & cuticleWax & cuticle

nn Leaf hairsLeaf hairs

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Plant CharacteristicsPlant Characteristics

nn DeactivationDeactivation

nn Stage in life cycleStage in life cycle

nn Timing of stages in life cycleTiming of stages in life cycle

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Climatic FactorsClimatic Factors

nn Relative humidityRelative humidity

nn LightLight

nn PrecipitationPrecipitation

nn WindWind

nn TemperaturesTemperatures

nn Length of growing seasonLength of growing season

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Temperature InversionsTemperature Inversions

nn Ground air cooler than air aboveGround air cooler than air above

nn Can suspend pesticide particlesCan suspend pesticide particles

nn Particles can move to non-Particles can move to non-

target areastarget areas

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Selective HerbicidesSelective Herbicides

nn Foliage sprayingFoliage spraying

nn Basal sprayingBasal spraying

nn Granular or pelletGranular or pellet

nn SpotgunSpotgun

nn Cut surfaceCut surface

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Foliage treatments canbe done from full leafto early fall color.

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Low Volume GroundLow Volume GroundFoliage TreatmentFoliage Treatment

nn 10 to 100 gal per acre10 to 100 gal per acre

nn Not treated to point of runoffNot treated to point of runoff

nn Higher concentration of activeHigher concentration of activeingredientingredient

nn Faster coverageFaster coverage

nn Drift can be major concernDrift can be major concern

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High Volume GroundHigh Volume GroundFoliage TreatmentsFoliage Treatments

nn Herbicide concentration ratherHerbicide concentration ratherthan rate per acrethan rate per acre

nn Spray to “drip”Spray to “drip”

nn Larger volumes of mixLarger volumes of mix

nn Herbicide amount will varyHerbicide amount will varyconsiderablyconsiderably

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Aerial ApplicationAerial Application

nn Helicopters used most oftenHelicopters used most often

nn Pilot must be certified in…Pilot must be certified in…

– right-of-way

– aerial application

nn Commonly used in rough terrainCommonly used in rough terrain

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Basal treatment can beapplied any time of year,except with snow or ice.

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Basal Spray MethodsBasal Spray Methods

nn Conventional basal sprayingConventional basal spraying– spray to wet or run down– fuel oil carrier– lower concentrations– losing popularity

F costF odor

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Basal Spray MethodsBasal Spray Methods

nn Low Volume Basal SprayingLow Volume Basal Spraying

– more concentrated

– not sprayed to wet

– light & compact equipment

– more like spray painting

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Granular ApplicationGranular Application

nn BroadcastBroadcast

nn DirectedDirected

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SpotgunSpotgun

nn Liquid herbicide applied to aLiquid herbicide applied to a“spot” in the root zone area.“spot” in the root zone area.

nn Similar to a granular stemSimilar to a granular stemtreatmenttreatment

nn More effective in sparseMore effective in sparsevegetationvegetation– fewer risks to non- target plants

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Cut Surface TreatmentsCut Surface Treatments

nn Cut stump, frilling, hack & squirt,Cut stump, frilling, hack & squirt,girdlinggirdling

nn ErrorsErrors– too much chemical– improper girdling or frilling– applying too close to desirable

vegetation

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Non-selective herbicidescontrol most plant species.Many last 1+ years. Easilydamage non- targetplants.

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Factors AffectingFactors AffectingNon- Selective HerbicidesNon- Selective Herbicides

nn SoilsSoils

nn MoistureMoisture

nn Vegetation typesVegetation types

nn Soil microorganismsSoil microorganisms

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Non- Selective HerbicidesNon- Selective Herbicides

nn Keep away from root zones ofKeep away from root zones ofdesirable plantsdesirable plants

nn Do not apply to frozen groundDo not apply to frozen groundnn Be careful of residual herbicidesBe careful of residual herbicides

on slopeson slopesnn Use low pressureUse low pressurenn Choose non- corrosive materialsChoose non- corrosive materials

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Other ChemicalsOther Chemicals

nn DefoliantDefoliant– removes foliage

nn DessicantDessicant– dries foliage

nn Plant growth regulatorPlant growth regulator– affects some aspect of plant

development-

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Chapter 4Chapter 4

Plant Growth RegulatorsPlant Growth Regulators

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A plant growth regulator is achemical that alters a plant’svegetative growth orreproductive characteristics.

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Growth RegulatorsGrowth Regulators

nn Anti-Anti- gibberellins gibberellins or inhibitors or inhibitors– inhibits production of hormone that

controls cell elongation

nn auxinauxin type type– similar to natural plant chemicals

F 2,4-D, dicamba

– growth regulators at sub lethal dose

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Growth regulators areregulated by FIFRA aspesticides. Handleaccordingly.

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Tree Growth RegulationTree Growth Regulationnn GibberellinGibberellin inhibitors block cell inhibitors block cell

elongationelongationnn Soil or trunk injectedSoil or trunk injected

– move in xylem to growth points

nn Activity depends on….Activity depends on….– tree species– application rate– environmental conditions– trimming severity

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Tree Growth RegulationTree Growth Regulation

nn Sprout inhibitorsSprout inhibitors– incorporated into wound dressing

materials

– inhibit production of suckers or watersprouts

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Roadside Turf RegulationRoadside Turf Regulation

nn SuppressSuppress seedhead seedheaddevelopmentdevelopment

nn Reduce growth…Reduce growth…– for 2 to 6 weeks– applied in spring before seedhead

formation– treated turf is often darker green– different grasses respond differently

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Broadleaf herbicides canoften be mixed with growthregulators. Check labelscarefully.

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Roadside Turf RegulationRoadside Turf Regulation

nn Selecting & using regulators…Selecting & using regulators…– results from the type of regulator– rates vary by species– timing affects results– growth stage affects results– environmental conditions impact

results

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Rates are crucial. Smallchanges can have majorimpacts. Read labelcarefully.

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Chapter 5Chapter 5

Other Right- of- WayOther Right- of- WayPestsPests

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PestsPests

nn Plants are the major right-of-wayPlants are the major right-of-waypests.pests.

nn Others could include...Others could include...– insects– diseases– vertebrates

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Insect Pest ManagementInsect Pest Management

nn Insects can damage or destroyInsects can damage or destroydesirable plantsdesirable plants– sucking sap, defoliation, boring

nn To control insects, you shouldTo control insects, you shouldunderstand….understand….– insect biology– insect life cycles

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Periodically inspect for signs of insectsand symptoms of their damage.Damaging insects have…

- chewing mouthparts

- piercing-sucking mouthparts

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Manage insects with theprinciples of IPM.

Life cycles are important indesigning an IPM approach.

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MetamorphosisMetamorphosis

nn None, no changeNone, no changenn GradualGradual

– young nymphs resemble adults andfeed in same habitat

nn CompleteComplete– egg, larval, pupal, adult– not all life stages may feed the same

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Early life stages…

- small larvae

- first nymphs

Are easier to control.

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ChewingChewing Mouthparts Mouthparts

nn Types of insectsTypes of insects– grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars,

borers, grubs

nn Signs of activity (damage)Signs of activity (damage)– missing foliage, skeletonized foliage,

bore holes, frass, sawdust, dyinggrass, no roots

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Piercing- suckingPiercing- suckingMouthpartsMouthparts

nn Types of insectsTypes of insects– aphids, scales, plant bugs, leaf

hoppers, * mites

nn Signs of activity (damage)Signs of activity (damage)– honeydew, sooty mold, distorted

foliage, foam, encrustationsF * not a true insect

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Insect Control MethodsInsect Control Methods

nn Host resistantHost resistantnn Biological controlBiological controlnn Cultural controlCultural controlnn Mechanical controlMechanical controlnn SanitationSanitationnn ChemicalChemical

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Many insects attack weakenedor stressed plants.

Healthy plants withstand pestattacks.

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Plant selection is crucial forreducing plant and pestproblems!

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Disease is anydeparture from normalplant growth..

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Causes of DiseaseCauses of Disease

nn VirusVirus

nn BacteriaBacteria

nn FungiFungi

nn Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors

nn Cultural practicesCultural practices

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Symptoms of DiseaseSymptoms of Disease

nn Over- developmentOver- development– galls, swellings, leaf curls

nn Under- developmentUnder- development– stunting, lack of chlorophyll,

incomplete development

nn Death of tissueDeath of tissue– blights, leaf spots, wilting, cankers

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Remember, differentcauses can produce thesame symptoms!

Healthy plants live longer!

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Avoiding using the samespray equipment forherbicides and pestmanagement.

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Pests in WoodPests in Wood

nn Wood structures can be invadedWood structures can be invadedand damaged by…and damaged by…– insects– fungi

nn To treat wood, you must beTo treat wood, you must becertified in category 2Acertified in category 2A

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Vertebrate PestsVertebrate Pests

nn Animals with a backboneAnimals with a backbone– mice, rats, beavers, rabbits, deer,

woodchucks

nn For control, permits are requiredFor control, permits are requiredfrom MDNRfrom MDNR– check before acting– small rodents exempt

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Vertebrate ControlVertebrate Control

nn MechanicalMechanical– traps

F non- target hazard

nn SanitationSanitationnn ChemicalChemical

– non- target hazard

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Chapter 6Chapter 6

EquipmentEquipment&&

CalibrationCalibration

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Equipment SelectionEquipment Selection

nn Depends on…Depends on…– target– type of application– pest to be controlled– pesticide formulation

nn EquipmentEquipment– liquid sprayers, granular applicators,

injectors, aircraft

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Calibration of equipment iscrucial to obtain the correctapplication rate according tothe label.

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Pesticide DepositPesticide Deposit

nn Deposit on target depends on…Deposit on target depends on…– concentration in tank

– rate of discharge

– equipment speed

– swath widthF evaporation and drift excluded

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Application EquipmentApplication EquipmentComponentsComponents

nn TanksTanks

nn AgitatorsAgitators

nn StrainersStrainers

nn PumpsPumps

nn PressurePressureRegulatorsRegulators

nn Pressure GaugePressure Gauge

nn HosesHoses

nn NozzlesNozzles

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TanksTanks

nn Large enough for tasksLarge enough for tasks

nn Stainless steel and fiberglassStainless steel and fiberglassare bestare best

nn Shut off valve requiredShut off valve required

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AgitatorsAgitators

nn Pesticide formulationPesticide formulationdetermines agitationdetermines agitationrequirementrequirement– liquid conc., soluble powders,

emulsions….F Less…. By- pass

– wettable powersF more… mechanical

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AgitatorsAgitators

nn MechanicalMechanical

nn HydraulicHydraulic

– by pass from pressure relief valve

may not be sufficient

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StrainersStrainers

nn Prevent foreign material fromPrevent foreign material fromplugging working partsplugging working parts

nn Nozzle strainers not a substituteNozzle strainers not a substitutefor pressure line strainerfor pressure line strainer

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Centrifugal PumpCentrifugal Pump

nn High volumes at low pressuresHigh volumes at low pressuresnn Used with abrasive materialsUsed with abrasive materialsnn Not self- primingNot self- primingnn Pressure regulators not neededPressure regulators not needednn InexpensiveInexpensive

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Gear PumpGear Pump

nn Simple & low costSimple & low costnn Low pressureLow pressurenn Not affected by solventsNot affected by solventsnn DisposableDisposable

when wornwhen worn

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Roller PumpsRoller Pumpsnn Low pressure, positive displacement,Low pressure, positive displacement,

self- primingself- primingnn Similar to gear pumps, but abrasionSimilar to gear pumps, but abrasion

resistant, repairableresistant, repairablenn Somewhat moreSomewhat more

costlycostly

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Diaphragm PumpDiaphragm Pump

nn Similar in pressure & volume toSimilar in pressure & volume togear pumpsgear pumps

nn Very abrasion resistantVery abrasion resistant

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Piston PumpsPiston Pumps

nn High volumesHigh volumesnn High pressuresHigh pressuresnn Rugged & versatileRugged & versatile

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Pressure RegulatorsPressure Regulatorsnn Controls pressureControls pressure

– rate deliver to nozzles

nn By -passes excess material backBy -passes excess material backto tankto tank

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Pressure RegulatorsPressure Regulators

nn Two typesTwo types– simple relief valves

– pressure unloaders

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Pressure GaugePressure Gauge

nn EssentialEssential– pressure affects delivery

nn Gauges do wearGauges do wearout or becomeout or becomecloggedclogged

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HosesHoses

nn Composition (chief linerComposition (chief linermaterial)material)

nn ConstructionConstruction– reinforcement, rigidity, flexibility

nn Working pressureWorking pressurenn SizeSize

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NozzlesNozzles

nn Complete assembly consists of..Complete assembly consists of..– Body– Screen– Cap– Tip or orifice plate

nn Many designs are availableMany designs are available– all spread a liquid into droplets

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Manufacturer tech sheets arecrucial.

Application rate depends onground speed and pressure

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Never operate at higherpressures to compensate forthe wrong size.

This will cause nozzle wearand drift.

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Nozzle MaterialsNozzle Materials

nn AluminumAluminumnn BrassBrassnn CeramicCeramicnn PlasticPlasticnn NylonNylonnn Stainless steelStainless steelnn Tungsten carbideTungsten carbide

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Carbide & stainless steel are mostabrasion resistant.. Moreexpensive.

No single material is perfect forall applications methods.

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Regular Flat Fan NozzleRegular Flat Fan Nozzle

nn Used for broadcast spraying onUsed for broadcast spraying onboomboom

nn 30-50% pattern overlap, 4030-50% pattern overlap, 40 psi psi

nn Calibrate frequently to check forCalibrate frequently to check fornozzle wearnozzle wear

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Off Center NozzlesOff Center Nozzles

nn Roadside and railroad workRoadside and railroad work

nn Specialized booms forSpecialized booms forobstructionsobstructions

nn Possible wide application in aPossible wide application in asingle passsingle pass

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Other Nozzle TypesOther Nozzle Types

nn BoomlessBoomless

– wide swath without a boom

– affected by winds

nn Whirling disksWhirling disks

– reduce fine droplets

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Sprayers for Right-of-WaySprayers for Right-of-WayMaintenanceMaintenance

nn Backpacks to aircraftBackpacks to aircraftnn Often specialized for tasksOften specialized for tasks

– don’t try to clean herbicides fromsprayers used for other pesticideapplications

– *ammonia or detergent at 1 qt per 25gallons of water

F * test before using

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Portable SprayersPortable Sprayers

nn Compressed airCompressed air– convenient spot and small zone

treatment

nn Mist blowerMist blower– greater coverage zone, faster

– greater drift potential

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Sprayers Carried bySprayers Carried byVehiclesVehicles

nn Higher pressure sprayerHigher pressure sprayer

– wide range of uses, with

modifications

nn Low pressure boom sprayersLow pressure boom sprayers

nn Aerial sprayersAerial sprayers

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Boom Sprayer AdjustmentBoom Sprayer Adjustment

nn Nozzle spacingNozzle spacing

nn Nozzle tip orificeNozzle tip orifice

nn PressurePressure

nn Ground speedGround speed

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CalibrationCalibration

nn Correct & effective amount ofCorrect & effective amount ofpesticide is deliveredpesticide is delivered

nn Saves money & legal problemsSaves money & legal problems– exceeding legal rate

nn Reduces off target movementReduces off target movement

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Calibrating Boom SprayersCalibrating Boom Sprayers

nn Check nozzlesCheck nozzles

nn Clean nozzles and screensClean nozzles and screens

nn Check delivery for each nozzleCheck delivery for each nozzle

nn Select ground speedSelect ground speed

nn Select pump pressureSelect pump pressure

nn Measure swath widthMeasure swath width

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Calibrating Boom SprayersCalibrating Boom Sprayers

nn Measure watered deliver in oneMeasure watered deliver in oneminute by all nozzlesminute by all nozzles

nn Determine the amount of time toDetermine the amount of time tocover one acrecover one acre

Minutes per acre = 1

ground speed x swath width x .002

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Calibrating Boom SprayersCalibrating Boom Sprayers

nn Convert to gallons per acreConvert to gallons per acre

Gal per acre = gal per minute x min per acre

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Calibrating Boom SprayersCalibrating Boom Sprayers

nn If amount delivered is too little…If amount delivered is too little…

– increase pump pressure

– decrease ground speed

– use larger nozzles

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Calibrating Boom SprayersCalibrating Boom Sprayers

nn If amount delivered is too much..If amount delivered is too much..

– decrease pump pressure

– increase tractor speed

– use smaller nozzles

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Dosage RegulatedDosage RegulatedApplicationsApplications

nn Based on target size andBased on target size andmaterial concentrationmaterial concentration– spray to drip

– basal spraying

– frill treatment

– stump treatment

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Error FactorsError Factors

nn Improperly measuring andImproperly measuring and

mixingmixing

nn Over applicationOver application

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Chapter 7Chapter 7

Public RelationsPublic Relations

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Public RelationsPublic Relations

nn Differences in perceptionDifferences in perceptionnn CarelessnessCarelessnessnn Other areas of concernOther areas of concern

– water ways– toxic plants– farm operations– pets– brown out

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Avoid Job ProblemsAvoid Job Problems

nn Choose contractors carefullyChoose contractors carefully

nn Write contacts carefullyWrite contacts carefully– follow up on performance

nn Consistent policiesConsistent policies

nn Educate the publicEducate the public

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ContractorsContractors

nn You’re selling your reputationYou’re selling your reputationnn Choose employees carefullyChoose employees carefullynn Train employeesTrain employeesnn Keep recordsKeep recordsnn Inspect workInspect worknn Follow- up on complaintsFollow- up on complaints

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Applicators Should...Applicators Should...

nn Have product informationHave product information

– labels, MSDS

nn Respond to public inquiriesRespond to public inquiries

nn Be professionalBe professional

– be polite, overall appearance