RUNNINGHEAD: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPATIAL ABILITY AND HANDEDNESS AMONG UNDERGRADUATES IN MALAYSIA. 1

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPATIAL ABILITY AND HANDEDNESS AMONG UNDERGRADUATES IN MALAYSIA. 20

Table of contentChapter 1.2Chapter 2.11Chapter 3.21Reference ....25Appendix .....38

CHAPTER 11.0 IntroductionIn this chapter, there will be a series of discussion on the background of the study follow by the problem statement that inspired the research and the crucial concepts and theories that related to the research. Other than that, the research question will be point out and both the objective and significance will be stated.1.1 Background of study Handedness is a description for hand preferences (Meriam-Webster.com, 2014). In the current world population, the left-handers are minority yet not much research done to investigate the issue of why people differ in handedness. In the other hand, spatial intelligence is one of the subtype of Multiple Intelligence theory by Gardner (Gardner, 1985; Willingham, 2004) and researchers are undergoing now to find out how spatial intelligence can be helpful or hands on. The spatial intelligence are referred to the ability of individual to perform a cognitive process that widely related to perception of looking at object in image-based or geographical task (Hegarty, 2010). These two component can be independently research but both of the two concept are linked with the biological theory of brain. Handedness are more focus in the theory of asymmetry of brain where different area of brain will perform in different task given (Hugdahl, 2005), whereas in spatial intelligence are mostly based by Gardners Multiple Intelligence Theory that emphasize that each human had different type of intelligence that they can master (Gardner, 1985). Which indicate that there is possibility that a particular part of the brain are functioning well that the enable the mastery of different type of intelligence.From a researcher perspective, these two-component are fresh and it triggers the curiosity to explore the relationship between these two component and this is what this research intended to do.

1.2 Statement of problemIn the current 21st century, government tend to mark the intelligence of students by those academic performances. Those Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Emotional Quotient (EQ) are different type of intelligence that help us to test how intelligence of student by implemented it into education, but other than those typical IQ and EQ there are other intelligence which call spatial intelligence.Spatial intelligence does not stand out independently in early years, it always been describe as one type of intelligence but public understanding about spatial intelligence is still limited. Spatial intelligence actually can act as a predictor for certain career such as anatomist, engineering, dentist, nurses and doctors that needed to apply those vivid image cognitive function into real life (Casey, Pezaris, & Nuttall, 1992; Fernandez, Dror & Smith, 2011). The importance of spatial intelligence can help develop students learning and also enhance their spatial ability because by applying practice it can help to improve spatial intelligence (Lubinski, 2010; Hindal, Reid & Whitehead, 2013). Even with practice there are some aspect in spatial intelligence cannot be improve by practice that bring to the issue of aptitude in spatial intelligence and why people are differ in the aptitude of spatial intelligence when we all share the same structure of brain? The mystery of spatial intelligence and the difference among people had been enlighten by some researcher that focus on gender. According to Dabbs Jr. et al (1998), male eventually will outperform the female in spatial intelligence test because male is believed to be better in direction. This might not sounds empirical but the founding of Dabbs Jr. et al (1998) is supported by other researcher that carry out different experiment which set gender as one of the factor that differs people in spatial intelligence (Brandner, & Devaud, 2013). Furthermore, when researcher are looking more in depth into gender , they found out that but there are some research supporting that actually female perform better in memory task compare to male (McBurney, Gaulin, Devineni, & Adams, 1997). To sum up the founding about the relationship of gender with spatial intelligence, more researcher are convinced that environmental influence are more powerful compared to gender in spatial intelligence (Just, & Carpenter, 1985 ; Quaiser-Pohl, & Lehmann, 2002; Mntyl, 2013). This open up another direction in spatial ability since gender are not so convincing, according to Rilea et al. (2004) handedness might be the new research direction in spatial intelligence as different dominance of hand can affect the active function of different brain part that may leads to new exploration in spatial intelligence. There are almost 90% of the population in the world are right-handers and put those left 10 % of the population into minority.(Maria Thompson, 12th September 2007). By knowing the potential research topic between spatial ability and handedness mark the purpose of this research to explore the potential relationship of handedness and spatial intelligence.The theories underline this research would be Gardners Multiple Intelligence (MI) theory and brain lateralization theory. In Gardners MI theory, mention that spatial intelligence is one of the intelligence which is important for human and different people had the potential to had more than one intelligence (Gardner, & Hatch, 1989; Gardner, & Moran, 2006; Gardner et al., 2012). While in brain lateralization theory, they are focusing in more biological approach that believe each part of brain had its own function that control different aspect of task (Bever, 1983; Ghirlanda, & Vallortigara, 2004 ). In this very broad theory of brain lateralization, asymmetry of brain is the represented theory that can be used in handedness as brain is divided into two hemisphere which are left and right hemisphere. These two hemispheres indicated different talent or skills that a person can be more easily learnt as left hemisphere are more towards logical whereas right hemisphere are in charge of creativity (Chiron et al., 1997; Hugdahl, 2005; Beharelle et al., 2010).

1.3 Theoretical framework Natural Selection Gardners Multiple IntelligenceSpatial IntelligenceHandednessAnnett Right Shift theory

Figure 2: Diagram of connection between both Annetts Right Shift Theory and multiple intelligence theory.In multiple intelligence theory, there are nine different intelligence that consists of musical intelligence, visual-spatial intelligence, linguistic intelligence, logical intelligence, kinesthetic intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, naturalistic intelligence and existential intelligence (Gardner, & Hatch, 1989). Among these intelligence purposed by Gardner, believe that human can have more than one intelligence whereby IQ is not the only way to test on humans intelligence. Brain theory is broad but in handedness the theory are surrounded with asymmetry of the brain that related to the both left and right hemisphere. In left hemisphere, the brain are more active or in charge in the function of logical thinking, analytic skills and more important it controls the right side of the body which indicate that right-handers use more left hemisphere compared to non-right handlers, whereas right hemisphere is the opposite with the left as it controls the left side of the body and function more with music, creativity and also spatial ability (Chiron et al., 1997; Hugdahl, 2005; Beharelle et al., 2010). Moreover, according to Marian Annett (2006), handedness are differed might be due to the Rs+ gene that found in some people that shape non-right handers. In another words, the genetics that found in left-handers might be a factor that make the minor population different in some task. Both theories mention above had the similarities that believe of spatial intelligence is related to the hemisphere where people will acquire different intelligence when different part of the brain is more active. Therefore, in the theory of asymmetry of brain spatial intelligence is related to the left hemisphere where Gardner himself admitted that the brain theory is related to multiple intelligence as how differ brain functions (Gardner, 2012; Leang, Chabris, & Kosslyn, 2003). This can be concluded that, handedness could be one of the factors influences the performance in spatial intelligence.

1.4 Conceptual frameworkRight

Spatial IntelligenceLeftHandedness

Figure 1: Diagram of relationship between spatial intelligence and handedness.In the diagram above, the differences of preference in hand can be link to the differences of spatial intelligence as left handers and right handers are assumed to be different. In handedness, there are two types of hand preference that are left hand and right hand. These preferences are predicted to differ by the different environment; background and family genetics of any individual have. After identify with the handedness, it can be a link to the performance in spatial intelligence.1.5 Research Question In this research, there are only two research question asked, which are is there any relationship between handedness and spatial intelligence and is there any relationship between gender and spatial intelligence.1.6 Null hypothesis There are no significant differences between spatial intelligence and handedness as well as gender.1.7 Research objectives The primary objective of this research is to find out that can handedness influence spatial intelligence. Other than that, demographic information such as gender will also be tested in this research to see whether the researches done before agree with the findings.

1.8 Conceptual and operational definitionConceptual definition: Spatial intelligence is the ability to view or think dimensionally and can link between dimensions and object. (Garik & Hunt, 2011). Whereas, handedness are tended to be referred as the preferences of hand that will indicate the dominance side of the brain function (De Gennaro et al, 2004)Operational definition: Spatial intelligence is the skill that every person have but there are differences in how good in practicing (Almeida et al, 2010). Handedness is differed as the result of different dominance of hemisphere in brain (Brown & Wolpert, 1990).1.9 Significance researchThe research would benefits all the population as much as it can. The immediate population that would be benefit the most would be the educational field because by exploring more importance of spatial intelligence it could provide a new strategy for educational field to maximize students learning ability by developing more approach towards students. Other than that, the students will have various benefit by the findings of this research in different level. In primary school level, it would help the teacher to have more understanding of spatial intelligence especially those science and mathematics teacher. This is due to the spatial intelligence are believed to be crucial for children in learning maths and science. Follow by the secondary school level, teacher would be encourage to identify students who are more talented with spatial intelligence and encourage them to go into science stream as one of the step working towards to vision 2020 that Malaysia would be a develop country that needed all those talents from science. Next, tertiary education students can benefit by providing a chance to do more research in this topic and discover more research in Malaysia rather than always referring to western research that might have cross-cultural difference with Malaysia.Looking to the bigger context, the society will benefit as through this research it can be a chance to educate the public towards the importance of different intelligence compare to focusing only at IQ. 1.10 SummaryIn chapter 1, the problem of not enough understanding of spatial intelligence are being bring up and the possibility of a new direction in research of spatial intelligence are being purposed. The theories that related in this research are the multiple intelligence theory and asymmetry of the brain that included left and right hemisphere. The objective of this research is to find out the relationship of spatial intelligence and handedness that wish to be benefits the educational field, public, and students.CHAPTER 22.0 IntroductionThis chapter will be discussing the past literature that had been carrying out by various researchers. Analysis is being carry out by looking at the method, process and result retrieved. The abstraction from the journals will be a guideline and foundation for the study.2.1 Darwins evolutionary theoryDarwin had come out with the famous evolutionary theory that proposed that Homo Sapien which indicate human are coming from apes and he also contribute to the psychology field with the theory of survival of fitness which also known as natural selection (Darwin & Huxley, 1942; William, Clough, Stanley,& Colbert, 2014). In 1951, Darwin and Beer had published the Origin of Species that discuss how human evolve and the birth of natural selection.Darwin focus about the natural selection that emphasize on the deletion of the component that would not benefit the species including genetics (Futuyma, 2009). The theory of evolution are broad but in Darwins point of view the theory of natural selection is the core of Darwins theory in evolution and it can be connect with other theory in order to explain the phenomenon in living things (Tuomi, 1981). The theory of natural selection had contributed to modern biology that helps to explain the development of organism, and it is widely use in science area (Thagard & Findlay, 2009). This indicated that the theory of natural selection play an important role in science area. Other than that, Fritzgerald & Whitaker (2010) had supported Darwins evolutionary theory that the theory itself had gave the foundation for different field in psychology such as developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, biological psychology, clinical psychology and behaviorism. This had given the point that even Darwins theory is developed for some time, but it still applicable to the context in nowadays. The idea that proposed by Bjorklund & Pellegrini (2000) is also supporting Darwin as they had evaluated the application of Darwins theory in child development and it fits the psychological, social and biological model in psychology. Follow by, Buss (2009) had also interpreted natural selection as a way or method to solve the problem along life that can be a link to our daily life. This had shown that how broad of Darwins theory can be apply in our daily life or different field but there are still some people who disagree with that.According to Glickman (2009), Darwins theory of evolution had started with natural selection and sex selection but his idea of evolution are disagree by Alfred Russel Wallace and started debate with pro Darwinism and against Darwinism. Darwins theory also being question in the aspect of sociality that natural selection seems to be immoral to be applied in life and contra to the belief of individual (Hodgson, 2005).Nevertheless, Darwins theory are still widely apply and natural selection later on contributes to the two important element of this study which are spatial ability and handedness. Furthermore, Darwins theory had been in cooperated with biology to explain about the genetic and heritability but not wildly apply in social science (Richerson, & Boyd, 2010). Darwins theory of natural selection had provide a foundation in future research where linked to both handedness and spatial ability.2.2HandednessIn 1981, Marian Annett had conducted a research about handedness and the causes of different handedness and lateralization of brain. From the research she had proposed the idea of right shift model where theres a gene call RS+ and RS- and these genes are contribute to the development of the brain for the different function. This has brought new data about handedness, but Annetts theory was later critic by another researcher. Mc Manus (1985), had a question on Annetts right shift model that the purely right-handed and neutral issue that seems to be not possible as the chances for another handedness is not exist. According to Faurie, and Raymond (2004), the difference of handedness among the ancient cave painting and nowadays are minimal as the proportion of left and right handers are still pretty much similar. This had given the hint that the variation of handedness started as early as ancient but still somehow supported Darwins theory about heritability. There are different researches done to investigate about handedness using chimpanzees and development of the right shift theory in explaining handedness (Boesch, 1991; Annett 2006).Furthermore, handedness also involved in asymmetry and lateralization and difference of it. According to Cho Jinwhan, Park Kyung-Seok, Kim Manho, and Park Seong-ho (2006), a research done by using a series of questionnaire and also motor task with 24 equal distribute gender participants. The result showed that the participant who only prefer one hand for the test had greater performance but differed in hand preference does not predict any differences in performance. The research provide a news perspective regarding handedness, but this research can be future study as the participants for the research is limited due to the criteria for participant are only for right handers. Other than that, handedness also being study in the geometry skills and found out that left handed require shorter time to react in geometry shape that create a possibility that left handed person are gifted in the geometry area (etin, Mahir & Torun, 2002). Despite handedness are being proposed as an element that make a person different in the ability in performing task, it also related to the psychological disorder as well. Disorder that related to handedness are schizophrenia, autism, pedophilia and hebephilia (Annett, 1999; Cantor, 2005; Deep-Soboslay, 2010). This had indicate that the difference in handedness can bring certain degree of harm as all these research had pointed to left or mixed-handed people will have higher risk in developing those disorders. In the contradiction, there are new research that disagree with the idea of non-right handers are more prom toward certain schizophrenia and stated that female right-handers are the population that mostly affected by the disorder (Mataboge, Joubert, Jordaan, Reyneke & Roos, 2014).As the question of gender rise as the research continue, researcher also found that female outperform male in the mirror tracing test regardless about the handedness (OBoyle, & Hoff, 1987; Grabowska et.al., 1994). This results had differ from the past research that support the theory that male are predicted to be outperform female. Put aside age and gender in the research of handedness, the cognitive function seems to be as important as age and gender could be. In 2011, Vicario, Bonni & Koch had conducted an experiment to test the handedness differences and cognitive functioning. The experiment being carry out with 14 equal participants from both left and right handers that require them to perceive the distance that appear by the screen that blink in split second and the result had shown that right-handers perform better and the experiment also linked spatial performance could possibly be one of the product from different hand preference. This research is well prepared in the aspect of material of experiment such as software that keep the experiment neutral and non-bias. The application of software had increased the consistency that could be the limitation and by using the software, it become easier to measure the cognitive function of participant.2.3 Spatial abilityThere is a research done by a group of researcher in 1980s to test whether the hormones can affect people in their spatial ability and 91 participants are selected for the experiment that combine total of six spatial test (Shute et al, 1983). The result of the test indicated that low androgen male and high androgen female perform better in the experiment and further research are requested. The research are brought up in experiment form where difference in amount of female and male are not stated, this could be one of the problem but the used of total six spatial test to test the spatial ability is one of the brilliant play of the researcher and this leads to another research that also focus on hormones. The research are done in the basic of whether testosterone affect the performance of spatial ability with 28 samples that get paid, the result had contra with what Shutes result and man are able to perform better in spatial ability (Hooven, Chabris, Ellison & Kosslyn, 2004). The research done by Hooven et al. had the similar problem with Shute as the sample are very limited that cannot be generalize to represent the whole population.There are also another research done in 2000 indicate that women can perform better in spatial ability with the criteria of menstrual cycles along the test. According Hausmann, Slabbekoorn, Van Goozen, & Gntrkn (2000), Women with higher testosterone level when they are in menstrual that will help in spatial performance. The test is a test by using mental rotation test and mental rotation test seems to be the key test that most of the researcher will use in testing spatial ability that used to find out the differences of spatial ability with other potential research element. But it also seems to be rigid in just trusting in one method to test about spatial ability where there is another type of survey or test are being developed that could be better than Mental Rotation Test.Meanwhile, spatial ability is more common used in research in the educational field to find out what and how spatial ability can be improve or explore. A research had been done in sixth grade student to find out through constructive activities can help to predict spatial performance and it shown that through the activities it helps to build up the spatial ability, word solving problem and mathematical skills (Boonen, Oostermeijer, & Jolles , 2014). The research about spatial ability does not limit in children there are few research done in different respective of students such as secondary and higher education. The researches done had shown that spatial ability are differ among gender and the application of spatial ability are needed in different stages of learning regardless the level of learning (Tsutsumi, Schrocker, Stachel & Weiss 2005; Carrera, Vera & Saorn, 2012; Fulmer & Fulmer, 2014). In certain major such as engineering, spatial ability play an important role for the students to visualize and understand the image and spatial ability can be one of the criteria of engineering students (Onyancha & Kinsey, 2007; nagy-Kondor & Srs, 2012). Moreover, video games are involved in improving spatial ability especially for those video games that in action and driving categories (Subrahmanyam & Greenfield, 1994; Spence & Feng, 2010). Both the research had conducted through experiment with video games to test the spatial ability of children from grade five to nine and the result indicated that children spatial ability can be improve by playing video games but girl are still weaker that boy in those research. This had brought out the issue on gender differences in spatial ability where there is certain degree of difference in spatial ability among boys and girls. Besides that, age also play a crucial role in spatial ability as the performance of spatial ability in individual actually better when it is in the young adults compare to older adult where the researchers did an experiment with both categories and found out the (Salthouse, Mitchell & Palmon, 1989; Iachini, Ruggiero, Ruotolo & Pizza, 2008).These research had been very helpful in determine the age for the potential participant for this study and the testing between younger adults and elders make a good comparison for spatial ability performance because it helps to exclude elderly as the participant due to aging. Moving on to another aspect that spatial ability are research with, handedness are being introduce. Millar & Al-Attar (2003) had conduct an experiment that combine the element of handedness and spatial ability with the idea that handedness might be related to spatial performance. The experiment being carry out by using a group of high school student that consists of eight female and twelve male. The participant are assign randomly into two groups with the task that require them to point precisely out the distance and direction by different hand appoint while being blindfold. The result indicates that there is no significant differences between handedness and spatial ability and the errors for both hands in performing spatial task are equally similar. This had shown that the hypothesis of spatial ability is related to handedness or brain lateralization are questionable as the result contra with the hypothesis 2.4 Spatial ability and handednessAs early as year 1971, Edgar Miller is interested in investigating both handedness and different ability that human can achieve. The experiment consists of two dimension and three dimension form test that test different ability in both 29 right-handers and 23 mixed handers. The result had indicate that Right-handers score higher in visual-spatial test. From my perspective, this research bring a sense of business where the participant only consists of dextral and mixed-handed whereby the sinistral are being left out from the experiment other than that, considering the year of the experiment the procedure and material used was very good that still a good reference for future study.After that, there are more researcher set the focus in spatial ability and handedness were more different experiment done by using different method such as visual, auditory and noninterpolated activities to test the lateralization of brain and the results indicated that different handedness had different lateralization of brain but fail to prove any further detail of how handedness and spatial ability are related (Sanders, Wilson, & Vanderberg, 1982; Nagae, 1985). In another words, different handedness in charge of different skill that we can learn, this give the connection of handedness towards brain function but still cannot fully explain how spatial ability is related to handedness. This research provides insights towards the experiment, but the problem of holistic data is questionable as the participants used are just approximately 50-60 that cannot be generalized to the overall population. The key journal that give inspiration to this research is the research done by (Rilea, Roskos-Ewoldsen & Boles, 2004), the research is carry out by survey that collect response by testing the participants spatial intelligence and relationship with handedness. The process of the survey started with the test of spatial ability and followed by a survey of handedness. The results indicated that right-handers had higher tendency to perform better in spatial intelligence test compare to left handers but a little bit weak in flexibility. As the technology grows the way of conducting changed as more technical equipment such as the involvement of a computer in the experiment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used. Joanne Lindsey Powell (2011), had conducted a study by using MRI scan to test the spatial ability and handedness where 40 left-handers and 42 right-handers involved. The scan started when participant are required to complete a certain task and found that left and right handers show different lateralization of brain according to the handedness, but ability of people does not restrict to the handedness. These researchers are still in the debate of whether spatial ability and handedness are related and if in anyways these two variables are related how strong the link between these two variables are still a question worldwide.2.5 Spatial ability and handedness in Asia contextNarrow down the perspective to Asia context, a research have been done by a group of researchers in China to find out whether the founding in previous research regarding spatial ability and handedness from the western culture is align in eastern culture (Tao et.al, 2009). The experiment are being carry out by the help of software that created both left and right hand of in screen and the two virtual hand will be rotate in different ways. The left hand will be rotating to the left whereas the right hand will be rotating inwards; participant are required to answer whether the picture on the screen is left or right hand by click on the keyboard on the laptop. The result once again had shown no difference between handedness and spatial ability such as mental rotation. In this research, it had shown that theres not much difference between western and eastern culture and once again the appearance of the software as one of the material seems to be very helpful. Moreover, theres another research conducted in Turkey to find out the relationship of handedness, spatial ability, and IQ. In the research, the researcher had used survey such as the Edinburgh Handedness Questionnaire and also two types of test to test the hand performance and also spatial performance of participant (Tan, 1990). The test that used by Tan are the dot filling test and also Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test but the result that Tan found out contra with what Tao et al. (2009) had mention as from Tans research he believed that combine hemispheric actually work better for spatial ability as it can adapt to different strategies and be flexible in the same time.Even though theres not much of research had been carry out in Malaysia context, but this become the opportunity for this study to be carry out and figure out the relationship of spatial ability and handedness in Malaysia context that can help to provide insight for further study. 2.6 Summary In this chapter, the brief relationship and the factors surrounded two of the variables are being discuss as handedness are mostly discuss about the debate on which hand are better in performing certain task while in spatial ability age ,gender and the lateralization of brain are being discussed. The knowledge gap that abstracted from this literature is the relationship of the spatial ability and handedness in Malaysia context.

CHAPTER 33.0 IntroductionThis chapter will be discussing the method that this study will be carried out. There will be a discussion on the instrument chosen and the criteria for participant to participate for this study.3.1 Research DesignThe design of this research will be a cross-sectional survey where two questionnaires will be used to measure the handedness and spatial ability. The result of the data will be generated by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 (IBM, 2014). 3.2 ParticipantsAccording to Krejcie & Morgan (1970), 384 participant are the best fit for this study however 150 participants are the final decision for participants as this study is a small sample survey where 150 of participants are sufficient for undergraduate level research (Petscher, Schatschneider, & Compton, 2013). The population of the sample will be undergraduate students from Kuala Lumpur area that aged 18 to 24 that study different major (Salthouse, T. A., Mitchell, D. R., & Palmon, R., 1989 ;Iachini, T., Ruggiero, G., Ruotolo, F., & Pizza, R., 2008). Among the total population, the ratio of the left-handers will be 13% because it represents the real population in the world (Left Handers Day, 2014). 3.3 Sampling methodThe method to recruit for participant will be purposive sampling where the inclusion criteria would be undergraduate students that aged 18 to 24. The exclusion criteria would be mixed-handed students and students who aged more than 24. The reason that mixed-handed students are excluded from this study is due to the inconsistency of mixed handedness and the actual causes. The mixed handedness could be caused by the environment or culture background that therefore it would be one of the confounding variables. 3.4 InstrumentThe instrument involves will consist of informing consent, demographic information, The Flinders Handedness survey and McKenzies Multiple Intelligence Inventory. The inform consent form are designed to get the consent from the participant with a list of the detail towards the right of participant such as participant have the right to withdraw from the test. Meanwhile, demographic information such as gender and age will be collect. The Flinders Handedness survey and McKenzies Multiple Intelligence Inventory will be performing throughout the study (McKenzie, 1999; Nicholls et al., 2013; Williams, S.M., 2014). The Flinders Handedness survey have a total of 10 questions that uses Likert scale to measure the handedness with Pearson Correlation 0f r =.66 and p>.001. A sample question from the Flinders Handedness survey would be With which hand do you write? and the participant will be answering the questionnaires by using the Likert scale that consists of left, either and right. Meanwhile for the Multiple Intelligence Inventory had the Cronbach alpha of r=.90, p>.005 while the subscale of visual spatial had r=.66 (Hajhashemi & Wong, 2010). The subscale of the Multiple Intelligence Inventory consists of 10 statements and answer using dichotomous option of 1 or 0. The sample statement would be I can visualize ideas in my mind; the higher the score indicate, the higher visual-spatial intelligence.3.5 ProcedureThe sample will be found by snowball technique that started with few participant then reach others around the campus of a private university in Kuala Lumpur area. The participant will be given an inform consent letter that consists of the permission from the authority to conduct a study and demographic information such as gender and age will be collect together with the informed consent. The survey will come in two forms. The survey will come in paper form and online form will be using the software of Google Doc (Google, 2014). The venue of the survey being conducted will be in both online and discussion room or psychology lab in the particular private university to provide a quiet and comfort environment for the participant. After obtain the consent from the participant, the participant will be required to answer two surveys that consists of Flinders Handedness survey and the spatial construct of Multiple Intelligence Inventory. All of the data will be collect through survey. No time limit along the survey and participant are allowed to terminate the session whenever they feel uncomfortable. After the participant finish the survey, the researcher will be collecting the survey and key in the data collected using SPSS version 20 to find out whether there is any correlation between handedness and spatial ability.3.6 Scope of studyThe boundaries that could encounter in the process would be the data collected will not as holistic as it would be and this is due to the difference in method that participants carryout the survey. The two methods use in collecting data would create different data because the participants would conduct a survey online would be paying less concentration as the researcher are not present. Other than that, the age limitation would be one of the boundaries in this study as the age required for this study is only 18 to 24. Besides that, location to conduct the survey would be one of the boundaries as the venue such as psychology lab and discussion room are limited.3.7 SummaryIn this chapter, the design that fit this study is a cross-sectional survey as it can measure both the variables in this study. The sampling method will be purposive sampling as certain criteria need to be fulfilled for carry out the survey. Instrument chosen are The Flinders Handedness survey and McKenzies Multiple Intelligence Inventory. The survey will be carried out in both paper form and online survey. Besides that, the data collected will be run with SPSS version 20 for analysis. The potential boundaries that can be happen would be a location for the survey to be carry out and the holistic of data due to the different method of collecting data.

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