chapter 1 historical origins. the evolution of the detective european origins frankpledge system...
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CHAPTER 1HISTORICAL ORIGINS
THE EVOLUTION OF THE DETECTIVE
• European Origins
FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM
TITHINGS
MERCHANT FINANCED WATCHES
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• Shifting masses of people
• Younger people relocating to cities
• Brutal Punishments- capital offenses
• Parliamentary reward system– Apprehension paid official 40 pounds
EUROPEAN ORIGINS
• THIEF TAKING- fee for return of property
• JONATHON WILD “It takes a thief to catch a thief
• Buckle maker and Brothel operator
• Hired thieves for a cut of their thefts
• Sometimes he turned in his employees for reward
• Executed for stealing items to be returned
ORIGINS (Cont.)
• EUGENE VODOCQ- Thief catcher 80 yr. after Wild
• Thief sanctioned by police- informant
• Became head of Paris detective bureau
• Police grew envious, accused of picking pockets, left Paris police
• Started pvt. detective bureau-200 arrests
• Started “Trade protection society”
ENGLISH DETECTIVE
• HENRY FIELDING- Wrote Tom Jones
• Bow Street Runners
• Became Magistrate
• Passed company to blind brother
• 1821- 1828/ 41% increase in crime with only a 15% increase in population
• Blamed crime increase on gin consumption
LONDON METRO POLICE ACT
• SIS ROBERT PEEL- Occupied a building that had been used by Scottish Royalty
• Open to public- called Scotland Yard
• Bobbies- introduced term “Detective”
• Model for Police Administration
• Peel’s Principles
• http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/laworder/9points.htm
EARLY AMERICAN DETECTIVES
• Allan Pinkerton- Appointed by mayor of Chicago- First detective 1849
• “AMERICA’S FOUNDEROF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION”
• Pinkerton Investigative Agency early 1850s• War Between the States- Protected President
Lincoln- Gathered intelligence for the North• Pioneered handwriting examinations and central
federal record keeping. FBI roots
MODUS OPERANDI
• The way you go about committing crime MO
• Thomas Byrnes- NYC Chief of Detectives first recognized criminal technique
STATE-AUTHORIZED POLICING
• Texas Rangers- 1835 First State Police started for protection from indians
FEDERAL INVESTIGATIONS
• J. Edgar Hoover- First Director- 1924– Est. Central Records Chicago/ Leavenworth– Uniform Crime Reports– Established the FBI image
UNIFORM CRIME REPORT
• UCR- NUMBER OF REPORTED CRIMES PER 100,000
• # Crimes/Population X 100,000= UCR
• 100/1,000,000 X 100,000= 10
CRIMINALISTICS
• Forensic Science earliest application
• Alphonse Bertillion- Anthropometry- Catalogued basic factors for identification
• Body measured in 11 key places– + eye, hair, and skin color – Portrait parle’- front and side mug shot– Will West Case
CONTRIBUTORS TO CRIMINALISTICS
• Francis Galton- dactylography- fingerprint identification
• Edward Richard Henry- System of fingerprint classification
• Arthur Conan Doyle- Sherlock Holmes books predicted many forensic practices
• Edmond Locard- Established principle “Every contact leaves a trace”
CONTRIBUTORS (Cont.)
• AUGUST VOLLMER• Town Marshall- Berkley CA• Police organization• Agency developed the first polygraph
• ALEC JEFFREYS Discovered DNA Profiling “Genetic fingerprinting” 1984
• DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID 1st use1987
DR. HENRY C. LEE
• Contemporary criminalist
– Kennedy assination– OJ Simpson Case– Jon Benet Ramsey
LEGAL INFLUENCES
• Bill of Rights
• 14th Amendment
• 4th, 5th, and 6th most effect on CRJ
4TH AMENDMENT
• Unlawful search and seizure
• Exclusionary Rule
• Mapp v. Ohio
5TH AMENDMENT
• You cannot be compelled to be a witness against yourself
• You cannot be deprived of due process rights
• You cannot be tried twice for the same offense
6TH AMENDMENT
• Right to counsel
• Right to have a swift trial
• Jury of your peers
U.S. ORIGINS