chapter 1€¦ · in this chapter, you will: ... weathering, rocks small rocks soil human...
TRANSCRIPT
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N U T R I E N T C Y C L E S A N D E N E R G Y F L O W
Chapter 1
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Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
explain that life depends on recycled matter
describe the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
explain how humans can affect the cycles of matter and energy flow in ecosystems
assess the impact of fertilizers on aquatic ecosystems
observe the chemistry of photosynthesis
model acid precipitation
determine the impact of excess fertilizers on plants
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How Disturbed is Too Disturbed?
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1.1 Sustainability (p.7)
ecosystem: all the interacting parts of a biological community and its environment
sustainable ecosystem:
capable of withstanding pressure
gives support to a variety of organisms
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The Mystery of Easter Island
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The Mystery of Easter Island
humans inflict catastrophic changes on an ecosystem
greatly affect an ecosystem’s sustainability
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Ecosystems and Survival (p.8)
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Ecosystems and Survival
All organisms require sustainable ecosystems for survival
Many depend on more than one ecosystem.
Examples:
Ruby-throated hummingbirds
American eel
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Parts of an Ecosystem (p.9)
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Parts of an Ecosystem
Every ecosystem has 2 parts:
1) Biotic: living parts of an ecosystem
eg. plants, animals, micro-organisms
2) Abiotic: non-living parts
eg. water, oxygen, light, nutrients, soil
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Biotic Interactions in an Ecosystem (p.10)
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Biotic Interactions in an Ecosystem (p.10)
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Biotic Interactions in an Ecosystem
1. Symbiosis: members of 2 different species live together in a close association
2. Predation: one organism consumes another organism for food
3. Competition: two or more organisms compete for the same resource in the same location at the same time
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Abiotic Characteristics of an Ecosystem (p.12)
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Abiotic Characteristics of an Ecosystem (p.12)
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Abiotic Characteristics of an Ecosystem
1. Water: to survive; regulate body temperature, get rid of wastes, marine organisms
2. Oxygen: for life processes; aquatic organisms get oxygen from water
3. Light: for photosynthesis
4. Nutrients: to grow, eg. nitrogen, phosphorus
5. Soil: nutrients for plants, habitat for micro-organisms
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Cycling of Matter and Earth’s Spheres (p.13)
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Cycling of Matter and Earth’s Spheres (p.13)
Ecological processes:
move matter between biotic and abiotic parts
continuous cycles
• lithosphere: the hard part of Earth’s surface.
• hydrosphere: all of the water found on Earth
• atmosphere: layers of gas above Earth’s surface.
• biosphere: regions of Earth where living organisms exist
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Nutrient cycles (p.14)
Nutrients:
chemical essential to living things
cycled through ecosystems
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1. The Water Cycle (p.14)
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1. The Water Cycle (p.14)
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1. The Water Cycle (p.14)
1. sun evaporates water
2. form clouds, then precipitation
3. river system and ground water lead to ocean
4. meanwhile, erodes rocks and picks up other materials
5. absorbed by plants, animals
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2. The Carbon Cycle (p.14)
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2. The Carbon Cycle (p.14)
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2. The Carbon Cycle (p.14)
1. plants use carbon dioxide (CO2) to make sugars
2. organisms break down sugar, release energy and CO2
3. organism die and decomposed
4. remains of organisms converted into fossil fuels
5. humans burn fossil fuels for energy
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3. The Nitrogen cycle (p.16)
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3. The Nitrogen cycle (p.16)
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3. The Nitrogen cycle (p.16)
Terrestrial ecosystem: land-based
Aquatic ecosystem: water-based (fresh or salt water)
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3. The Nitrogen cycle (p.16)
In terrestrial ecosystems:
soil bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonium
other soil bacteria convert ammonium into nitrate
In aquatic ecosystems:
cyanobacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonium
Human fertilize soil add ammonium and nitrate to soil
Plants absorb ammonium and nitrate, pass along food chain
Bacteria change nitrate to nitrogen gas
Volcanic eruptions and burn fossil fuel release ammonia containing nitrogen into the air
Excess nitrate and ammonium become part of rocks
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4. The Phosphorus Cycle (p.17)
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4. The Phosphorus Cycle (p.17)
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4. The Phosphorus Cycle (p.17)
Terrestrial ecosystem:
Phosphorus is stored in rocks and sediments as phosphate (lithosphere)
Weathering, rocks small rocks soil
Human fertilizers and detergents release phosphate into soil
Absorbed by plants, move through food chain
Bacteria break down dead organism and waste, release phosphate into soil
Aquatic ecosystem:
Leaching and run-off , phosphate enter aquatic system
Absorbed by plants, move through food chain
Bacteria break down dead organism and waste, release phosphate into water
Phosphate settles to bottom of water bodies
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Human Activities and Nutrient Cycles (p.18)
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Human Activities and Nutrient Cycles
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Human Activities and Nutrient Cycles
Eutrophication:
a process
nutrient levels in aquatic ecosystems increase,
primary producers (algae) increases
oxygen in water decreases
Slow naturally
Fast with human activities:
run-off contains high amounts of agricultural fertilizers (nitrates and phosphates) causes eutrophication
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Science and Social Policy (p. 19)
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Science and Social Policy (p. 19)
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
“restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem.”
Signed by Canada and the US
Environmental Farm Plan
Reduce phosphorus in run-off
Anti-pesticide By-laws
Banned non-essential pesticide