chapter 1 - introducing to computer
TRANSCRIPT
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Fall 2007
Heru Wijayanto, MM. MBA
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IntroductionIntroduction
Computers areshowingup
everywhereyou look, andeveninplacesyoucan'tsee.
Thecomputerisrapidlybecoming.
There aredifferentkindsofcomputersfordifferentpurposes
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A computer is an
electronic device thatexecutes the
instructions in a
program.
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ComputerComputer
Acomputerhasfourfunctions:
a. accepts data - Input
b. processes data - Processing
c. produces output - Output
d. stores results - Storage
Input
Output
Processing
TheInformationProcessingCycle
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SomeBeginningTermsSomeBeginningTerms
Hardware
thephysical partsofthecomputer.
Software
theprograms (instructions)thattell thecomputerwhattodoData
individual facts likefirstname,price, quantityordered
Information
datawhichhas beenmassagedinto a useful form, like a complete
mailing addressDefault
theoriginal settings;whatwill happenifyoudon'tchange anything.
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What makes a computer powerful?What makes a computer powerful?
Speed
Acomputercando billionsofactionspersecond.
Reliability
Failures areusuallyduetohumanerror,onewayor another. (Blush forus all!)
Storage
Acomputercankeephuge amountsofdata.
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MainframeMainframe
Themainframe is theworkhorse of the businessworld. A main frame is theheart of a network ofcomputers or terminals
which allows hundreds ofpeople to work at the sametime on the same data. It
requires a specialenvironment - cold and dry.
Supercomputers
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ComputerHardwareBasicComputerHardwareBasic
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InsidetheCPUInsidetheCPU
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Microprocessors:The Main Engine
Themicroprocessoristhe brainsinsideyoursystem.Itprocessesall theinstructionsnecessaryforyourcomputertoperformitsduties.Themorepowerful themicroprocessorchip,thefaster andmoreefficientlyyoursystemruns.
Differentcomputershavedifferenttypesofmicroprocessorchips. (INTEL andAMD)
In additiontohavingdifferentchipmanufacturers (anddifferentchipfamiliesfromthesamemanufacturer),
you'll alsorunintomicroprocessorchipsthatrun atdifferentspeeds.CPUspeedtodayismeasuredingigahertz (GHz).
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ComputerMemory:TemporaryStorageComputerMemory:TemporaryStorage
Memoryismeasuredintermsofbytes.Onebyteisequal toapproximatelyonecharacterin awordprocessingdocument.
Aunitequaling approximatelyonethousandbytes (1,024,to beexact)iscalled a kilobyte (KB), and a unitofapproximatelyonethousand (1,024)
kilobytesiscalled amegabyte (MB).Athousandmegabytesis a gigabyte(GB).
Mostcomputerstodaycomewith atleast 256MB ofmemory, andit'snotuncommontofindmachineswith 1GBormore.Toenableyourcomputertorun asmanyprograms as quickly as
possible,youneed asmuchmemoryinstalledinyoursystem asitcanacceptorthatyoucan afford.
Ifyourcomputerdoesn'tpossessenoughmemory,itsCPUmust
constantlyretrievedata frompermanentstorageonitsharddisk.Infact,ifyourmachinedoesn'thave
enoughmemory,someprogramswillrunveryslowly (oryoumightexperiencerandomsystemcrashes),
andotherprogramswon'trun at all!
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Hard Disk Drives: LongHard Disk Drives: Long--Term StorageTerm Storage
Aharddiskconsistsofnumerousmetallicplatters.Theseplattersstoredatamagnetically.
Beforedata can bestoredon any
disk,includingyoursystem'sharddisk,thatdiskmustfirst beformatted.Adiskthathasnot beenformattedcannot acceptanydata.
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1. All data is erased.
Don't forget this!!
2. Surfaces are checked
for physical and
magnetic defects.
3. A root directory is
created to list where
things are on the disk.
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Step Measured as: Click to start and stop
animations
1. seek
move the head to proper
track
seek time
(ms)
2. rotaterotate disk under the head to
the correct sector
rotational delay(ms)
3. settle
head lowers to disk;
wait for vibrations from
moving to stop
(actually touches only on
floppies)
settling time
(ms)
4. data transfer
copy data to main memory
data transfer rate
(kbs)
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Removable Disk Drives: PortableRemovable Disk Drives: Portable
StorageStorageAlongwith a harddiskdrive,somecomputershave a removablediskdrive. (Astandard 3 1/2''floppydiskonlyholds 1.44MB ofdata.)
Ifyouwanttotransferdata fromonePCto another,there are bettertechnologies availablesuch asUSBkeychaindrives,whichuseflash
memorytostoreseveral hundredmegsofdata in a deviceyoucanholdinthepalmofyourhand.
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CDCD--ROM Drives: Storage on a DiscROM Drives: Storage on a Disc
Informationisencoded at a disc-manufacturingplant,using anindustrial-grade laser.
Data isreadfromtheCD-ROMvia a
drivethatuses a consumer-gradelaser.
Bytheway,theROMpartofCD-ROMmeansthatyoucanonlyreaddata fromthedisk;unlikenormal
harddisks anddiskettes,youcan'twritenewdata to a standardCD-ROM.
However,recordable (CD-R) andrewritable (CD-RW)drives areavailablethatdo letyouwritedatatoCD.
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DVD Drives: Even More Storage on aDVD Drives: Even More Storage on a
DiscDiscDVDscancontainupto 4.7GB ofdata (for a single-layerdisc)or 8.5GB ofdata (for a double-layerdisc).SimilartostandardCD-ROMs,mostDVDs areread-
only although allDVDdrivescan alsoreadCD-ROMs.In addition,mostDVDdrivesplayfull-lengthDVDmovies,whichturnsyourPCinto aminimoviemachine.And, just asthere arerecordableCD-ROM
drives,youcan alsofindrecordableDVDdrives,whichletyourecord anentiremovieon a singledisc.
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Keyboards: Fingertip InputKeyboards: Fingertip Input
A computer keyboard, looks and
functions just like a typewriter
keyboard, except that computer
keyboards have a few more keys.
Some of these keys (such as the
arrow, PgUp, PgDn, Home, and Endkeys) enable you to move around
within a program or file.
Other keys provide access to special
program features. When you press a
key on your keyboard, it sends an
electronic signal to your system unit
that tells your machine what you want
it to do.
Most keyboards that come with new
PCs hook up via a cable to the back of
your system unit or wireless.
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Mice: PointMice: Point--andand--Click Input DevicesClick Input Devices
Acomputermouse,is asmall handhelddevice.
Micecomein all shapes
andsizes.Somehavewires, andsome arewireless.
Trackballs, joysticks,gamecontrollers, andpenpads all count asinputdevices.
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Modems: GettingConnectedModems: GettingConnected
Enablesyourcomputerto
connecttotelephone linesandtransmitdata to andfromtheInternet andcommercial online
services.
Most broadbandmodemsconnecttoyourPCeither
viaUSB orvia an Ethernetconnection.
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CRT and LCD Monitor
14, 15, 17, 21
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Printers: Making HardCopiesPrinters: Making HardCopies
DotMatrix
InkjetPrinter
LasetPrinter
CombinationwithscanandfaxPrinter
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LaptopLaptop PCsLightweightPCsLightweightAllAll--inin--OneOneSystemsSystems
LaptopPCs,feature aflip-up LCDscreen.
All laptopPCsinclude
somesortofbuilt-inpointingdevice.
Small sizes and lightweight.
Operateon batterypower.
More Expensive