chapter 1 introduction historical background five schools of behaviorism
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 1Introduction
• Historical background• Five schools of behaviorism
Defining Learning
a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from experience.
(behavior: any activity that can be either directly or indirectly observed)
Two Basic Types of LearningClassical conditioning
Process by which an inborn, involuntary behavior is produced in new situations
Two Basic Types of LearningOperant conditioning
Strengthening or weakening of a voluntary behavior because of its consequences
Behavior(dog sits)
Scolding
Praise
NothingBehavior
Increases or decreases
Food
Reinforcers
Skinner Box (Conditioning Box)
Sniffy the Virtual Rat
Historical BackgroundAristotle (382-322 BC)
Law of similarity
Law of contrast
Law of contiguity
Law of frequency
Historical BackgroundDescartes
Mind-body dualism
British empiricistsTabula rasa
Historical BackgroundStructuralism
Introspection
Functionalism
von Osten’s goal: prove humans and animals have similar mental processes
Clever Hans, the clever horse
Used experimental approach2 groups of questioners
Group 1 knew the answersGroup 2 did not know the answers
Hans only answered correctly when questioners knew the answers
Clever Hans, the clever horseAn Investigation
Conclusion: Hans was receiving some type of information from questioners Hans had been unintentionally conditioned by his owner
Impact:Scientists more skeptical of mental processes in
animalsBut…Provided proof that animals were capable of learning
Clever Hans, the clever horseAn Investigation
Historical BackgroundBehaviorism
Watson1913: Watson declared warDealt solely with observable behaviorRejected mentalistic concepts Goal: prediction and control of behavior1924: Watsonian behaviorism preeminent in
USLaw of parsimony
Watson’s Life (1878-1958)
1920: ScandalAffair with student Rosalie
RaynerWatson forced to resign
Moved into advertising
Five schools of behaviorismWatsonian behaviorism
Neobehaviorism: HullIntervening variables
Cognitive Neobehaviorism: TolmanCognitive mapLatent learning
Social Learning Theory: BanduraReciprocal determinism
Radical Behaviorism: Skinner