Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy and Physiology INTRODUCTION - Study of anatomy and physiology is an ever developing science. - Greek and Latin form the basis for the language of anatomy and physiology. DEFINITIONS: A.ANATOMY = the study of the structure (morphology, form) of body parts. B.PHYSIOLOGY = the study of the function of body parts. Sciences of anatomy and physiology Anatomy: Study of internal and external structures Branches of anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy Cytology Histology Developmental anatomy Embryology Physiology: study of the functions of the human body cell physiology: function of cells special physiology: physiology of specific organs systemic physiology: physiology of systems pathological physiology: effects of disease on organ or system functions. Levels of Organization STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION: A.The atom [i.e. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), or Oxygen(O)] is the least complex level. An atom is defined as the smallest particle of an element. Atoms combine with (react with) other atoms to form... B.molecules [i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H20)]. A molecule is defined as a particle composed of 2 or more joined atoms. Molecules combine with other molecules to form... C.macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). A macromolecule is defined as a large molecule. Macromolecules combine with other macromolecules to form... D.organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes). An organelle is defined as a small organ of a cell, which performs a particular function. Organelles collectively compose... Levels of Organization E.cells The cell is defined as the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms! Each cell has a set of organelles and performs a particular function (i.e. a red blood cell has a biconcave shape and is a nucleate. This structure increases its surface area, allowing for the transport of more oxygen. Similar cells are arranged into... F.tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous). A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells that performs a specialized function.Two or more tissues combine to form... Levels of Organization G.organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain). An organ is defined as a structure consisting of a group of tissues that performs a specialized function. Two or more organs combine to form... H.organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular). An organ system is defined as a group of organs that act together to carry on a specialized function. There are 11 organ systems. The eleven organ systems collectively form the... I.human organism An organism is the most complex level of organization and is defined as an individual living thing. J.The levels of hierarchy could be further extended to include; populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Levels of Organization Integumentary system Major Organs: skin hair nails sweat glands sebaceous glands Major Functions: protect tissue regulate body temperature support sensory receptors Levels of Organization Skeletal system Major Organs: bones ligaments cartilages Major Functions: provide framework protect soft tissue provide attachments for muscles produce blood cells store inorganic salts Levels of Organization Muscular system Major Organs: muscles Major Functions: cause movement maintain posture produce body heat Levels of Organization Nervous system Major Organs: brain spinal cord nerves sense organs Major Functions: detect changes receive and interpret sensory information stimulate muscles and glands Levels of Organization Endocrine system Major Organs: pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid glands adrenal glands pancreas ovaries testes pineal gland thymus Major Functions: control metabolic activities of body structures through the release of hormones Levels of Organization Cardiovascular system Major Organs: heart arteries capillaries veins Major Functions: move blood through vessels and transport substances throughout the body Levels of Organization Lymphatic system Major Organs: lymphatic vessels lymph nodes thymus spleen Major Functions: return tissue fluid to blood carry certain absorbed food molecules defend the body against infection Levels of Organization Digestive system Major Organs: mouth tongue teeth salivary glands pharynx esophagus stomach liver and gallbladder pancreas small and large intestines Major Functions: receive, breakdown, and absorb food eliminate unabsorbed material Levels of Organization Respiratory system Major Organs: nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs Major Functions: intake and output of air exchange gases between air and blood Levels of Organization Urinary system Major Organs: kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra Major Functions: remove waste from blood maintain water and electrolyte balance store and transport urine Levels of Organization Male reproductive system Major Organs: scrotum testes epididymides ductus deferentia seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral glands urethra penis Major Functions: produce and maintain sperm cells transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract Levels of Organization Female reproductive system Major Organs: ovaries uterine tubes uterus vagina clitoris vulva Major Functions: produce and maintain eggs cells receive sperm cells support development of an embryo function in the birth process Characteristics of Life Movement change in position; motion Responsiveness reaction to a change Growth increase in body size; no change in shape Reproduction production of new organisms and new cells Respiration obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods Characteristics of Life Continued Digestion breakdown of food substances into simpler forms Absorption passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions Maintenance of Life Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature Maintenance of Life Food- provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials Oxygen (gas)- one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat- form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing Body cavities and membranes Body contains two major closed cavities: DORSAL AND VENTRAL. Dorsal is subdivided :-cranial and spinal cavities which contain brain and spinal cord. Ventral into superior thoracic which houses the heart and lungs and inferior abdominopelvic cavity which contains the liver, digestive and reproductive organs. Walls of vent. Cavity are covered with thin membranes, the parietal and visceral serosae. Organization of the Body VENTRAL CAVITY THORACIC CAVITY lungs, mediastinum, thymus, heart, esophagus, trachea ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY ABDOMINAL CAVITY:- stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine PELVIC CAVITY:- urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs. Organization of the Body Serosa Naming of serous membranes (serosa) with 2 adjectives: Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ Pericardial: heart Pleural: lungs Peritoneal: abdominal Organization of the Body Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes 1.Membrane = a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either: a.covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL MEMBRANE b.lines a body cavity = PARIETAL MEMBRANE 2.There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication. Organization of the Body There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs: Serous Membranes of the LUNGS: - The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura. - The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called parietal pleura. - The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. Organization of the Body Serous Membranes of the HEART: -The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral pericardium. -The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is called parietal pericardium. -The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. Organization of the Body Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS: -The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called visceral peritoneum. -The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal peritoneum. -The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid. Anatomical Terminology ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY A. Definition = a language used to describe the relative position of body parts; needed for communication. B.Anatomical Position = standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms forward Anatomical Terminology Relative Position 1.Superior = above; Inferior = below; 2.Anterior = front; Posterior = back; 3.Ventral = front; Dorsal = back; 4.Medial = center; Lateral = side; 5.Ipsilateral = same side; Contralateral = other side 6.Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk; 7.Superficial = surface; Deep = internal. Anatomical Terminology Body Sections (cuts, planes) 1.Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions. midsagittal (median) = equal right and left portions. 2.Transverse Cut: (or horizontal): divides the body into superior and inferior portions 3.Coronal Cut: (or frontal): divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. 4. Cross-section: cut at 90 degrees to long axis of the object 5.Oblique section: cut at an angle across an object 6.Longitudinal section: cut with the long axis of an object Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane (also called XS cross section) (also called coronal) Anatomical Terminology