Introduction to Science

Chapter 1

Chapter 1Introduction to ScienceScience involves observation and basic rules.

Science requires investigation, planned experimenting, observation, and extensive testing of results.Branches of scienceTwo main branches are social and natural.

We will be learning about Natural ScienceBranches of scienceScience and TechnologyPure Science : the constant search for new knowledge.

Applied Science: take the work of pure scientist and look for practical applications. Technology, Engineering

Theory Most logical explanation that has been tested by repeated observation.

Must explain observation simply and clearly

Experiments that illustrate a theory must be repeatable (Bring it to MES!)

Must be able to make predictions from your theoryTheoriesMany theories change over time. new discoveries are always being made.

Ex. Big Bang Theory

LawA summary or statement of an observed natural event.

REMEBER, they do not explain the natural phenomenon. Describing ObservationsQualitative- Measurements using words

Quantitative- measurements using equations and mathematics to describe something (numbers)

Models- scientific tool for studying large or small substances/systemsCh. 1.2 The Scientific MethodThis is an organized way of solving a problem or critical thinking.

Made up of several steps.

Practice!Use the Scientific Method!Ch1.3 Organizing DataGraphs- a way for scientists to easily read and study data and information.

Line, bar, and pie graphs

Each graph has its own particular value when presenting info.Pie ChartShows parts of a wholeBar Graph Easily shows a comparisonLine GraphShows change over timeThe Metric System is Easy!Can you multiply numbers by 10?Can you divide numbers by 10?

then youre on your way to becoming a metric expert!The Metric SystemUniversal language of measurementSI base units are used for consistencyScientist all over the world use, thus making it easy to communicate.Units can be made into derived or combined units- ex. g/ml or cm3

International System UnitAbbreviationWhat it MeasuresmetermLengthkilogramkgMasssecondsTimeKelvinKTemperatureampereAElectric currentmolemolAmount of a substancecandelacdLuminous intensityMetric SystemPrefixes identify large and small measurements.

easy to convert from each other.based on a factor of 10Metric Conversion

MultiplyDivideRememberTo convert from a larger to smaller unit : multiply

To convert from a smaller to larger unit : divide

The Latin prefixes used in the metric system literally mean the number they represent. Example: 1 kilogram = 1000 grams A kilo is 1000 of something just like a dozen is 12 of something.

Practice!Reliability of MeasurementsAccuracy- the extent to which a measurement approaches the true value. (bulls eye) Ex. Your results in an experiment for the density of water is 1 g/ml.

Reliability of MeasurementsPrecision the degree of exactness of a measurement. the consistency of results in an experimenta measurement measured to the 0.001 m is more precise than one measured to the 0.1 mSpelling and accuracy and precision!Accurate: Manasquan

Inaccurate: ManesqanPrecise: Manesqan

Measuring Precision

More PreciseMeasuring PrecisionSignificant Digits (figures)Numbers that contain an actual measured valueMeasures a numbers precisionSix RulesSig Fig Rules All non-zero digits are significant. Ex. 4567 has 4 sig figs Ex. 34.989 has 5 sig figs

2. Any zeros between two significant digits are significant Ex. 45078 has 5 sig figs Ex. 45.0387 has 6 sig figs

Sig Fig Rules 3. All final zeros after the decimal point are significant. Ex. 2.00 has 3 sig figs Ex. 34.900 has 5 sig figs

4. Any zeros used solely for spacing the decimal point are NOT significant. The zeros are just place holders. Ex. 7000 has 1 sig figs Ex. 0.00783 has 3 sig figs Ex. However 7000. has 4 sig figs

Sig Fig Rules 5. The product or quotient will be reported as having as many significant digits as the number with the least significant digits.Ex. 12.65 x 42.1 = 532.565 =533

6. The sum or difference must have the same number of decimal places than the number with the least number of decimal places. Ex. 10.13 + 20.5 = 30.63= 30.6

SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONA way of expressing really big or small numbers. N x 10AN is the proper significant digitA is the number of times you moved decimalPositive = big, Negative = smallOnly one digit before the decimal!