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contents

C H A P T E R 1

Introduction: What We Don’t See 1

References 6

C H A P T E R 2

The Evolution of Civil Aerospace: Sometimes Crazy but True 9The Early Days 9

Fixed Wing Flight 11

Commercialization 13

The Age of the Jet Engine 15

Bigger and Better 17

Going Supersonic 18

More of the Same 19

Service Contracts and the Growth of Data 21

References 22

C H A P T E R 3

Designing the Aircraft: Pushing the Envelope 25

Introduction 25

What Are Our Passenger Expectations? 26

Airliner Categories 26

The Design and Development Process 27Aircraft Requirements Capture 27

Customer Needs: Air Transport Market Research 28

Safety and Environmental Requirements 29

Aircraft Top Level Requirements (TLRs) 30

Conceptual Design: Determination of the Initial Layout 30Working Together to Design the Aircraft 32

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Design to Meet or Exceed Passenger Expectations 33Design for Safety 33 Design to Reduce Passenger Costs, While Delivering Profits to Manufacturers and Airlines 33

DOC Elements 33

Reducing Fuel and Oil Costs and Commensurate CO2 Reductions 34

Reducing Depreciation Costs 34

Reducing Maintenance Costs 35

Reducing Crew Costs 36

Design for Comfort and Communications 37Design for Speed and Flight Frequencies 38Design for Environmental Responsibility 38

Introduction of Possible New Technologies and Configurations 38

References 39

C H A P T E R 4

The Planemakers: Manufacturing the Products 41

Powering Up a New Industry 42

Specialization Grows 42

Birth of a New Industry 43

Building for the Jet Age 46

Expanding Partnerships 47

Digitally Enabled Manufacturing 49

The Powerplant Revolution 53

Managing the Supply Chain 53

References 55

C H A P T E R 5

Testing: What Works and What Doesn’t 57

Static Tests 58Complex Machinery 60

New Procedures 62

Why Flight Test? 64

References 67

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Contents vii

C H A P T E R 6

The Journey of Certification: Safety Is Paramount 69

Types of Certificates 70

Process of Obtaining the TC 71

Testing to Support Certification 73

Engine as an Example 75

References 78

C H A P T E R 7

Operators: What Makes Airlines (Well) Airlines 81

Introduction 81

Passenger Journey 82

Business Strategy 83Route Networks 83Network Planning 83Fleet Strategy and Products 85

Finances 87Costs 88Fares and Pricing 88

The Operation 88Operations Center 89Reservations/Distribution Channels 89Airport Customer Service 89Security 90Aircraft Load Agents 90Maintenance 90Scheduling 90Dispatchers 92Meteorology 92Servicing 93In-Flight Services 93Flight Operations 93Corporate Safety and Security 93

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Other Supporting Functions 93When Things Go Wrong 94

The Human Part: Employees 94

The Human Part: Passengers 96

References 97

C H A P T E R 8

Maintenance: A Necessary Evil? 101

Introduction 101

Safety and Compliance 102Regulations 103Maintenance Programs and Planning 103Maintenance Evolution 106

Big Barriers to Entry 107

Business Models Are Complex 107OEMs Expanding into MRO Services 108Airlines and MROs 109

Reducing Costs with Innovation 109Health Monitoring, Big Data, and Analytics 110RFID 110STCs 110

References 111

C H A P T E R 9

Safety: Culturally Embedded 115

Safety 115

The Origins of Safety Assessments 116

The Introduction of Design Assurance 118

The Safety Assessment Process 119Safety Requirements Development and Validation 121

Aircraft Functional Hazard Assessment 122

Preliminary Aircraft Safety Assessment 122

System Functional Hazard Assessment 123

Preliminary System Safety Assessment 124

Software and Hardware Development Processes 125

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Safety Requirements Verification 125System-Level Analyses 126

Common Cause Analyses 126

System Safety Assessment 127

Aircraft Safety Assessment 127

Safety Management and the Safety Life Cycle 128Design and Certification 128Production 129Continued Airworthiness 129Operating Environment 129

The Future of Safety 130

References 131

C H A P T E R 1 0

The Environment: Emissions by Consensus 133

Introduction 133

Climate Change 134

Emission Reduction 136Fuel Efficiency and Aircraft Design 136Operations and Infrastructure 138Economic Measures 139Alternative Fuels 139

Aircraft Noise 142

Conclusion 144

References 145

C H A P T E R 1 1

Standards: Bedrock to Build On 147

Introduction 147

The History of Standards and the Aerospace Industry 148

The Aerospace Standards Landscape: Early Standards Development Organizations 149

Value and Drivers 150

Standards and Conformity 151

Quality Management Systems 152

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Standards and Innovation 152

Collaborative Endeavors for Standards Development 153

Dual-Use Standards and MilSpec Reform 154

Standards in Civil Aviation Regulations 155

Standards Use and Content Consumption: Past, Present, and Future 157

Conclusion 158

References 159

C H A P T E R 1 2

The Future of Civil Aerospace: Onward and Upward 161

The Current State 162

Propulsion 166

Airframe 173

Materials and Manufacturing 179

Smart Aircraft 180

Economic Models 182

References 183

Appendix 187

About the Authors 189

Index 195