Chapter 1 Reading Guide Part One: Identification Terms

When completing “Identification Terms” (IDs) in a History class, students are required to address two parts: 1)

The Identification, and 2) The Significance.

Identification

Who/ What is this? When answering the ID

portion of the question you are looking for cold

hard facts—usually something that comes straight

out of a reading.

Significance

Why is this important in a historical context? Why

study this? Who cares? When answering the

Significance portion of the question you are doing

historical interpretation. You are providing the

critical thinking. Your answer is not wrong if it is

relevant and well-thought out.

Identify and state the Significance of each of the following terms… (An example is done for you!)

Pueblos

ID: elaborate multi-room stone dwellings built by Pueblo Natives (Hohokams, Mogollons, Anasazis) in

the American southwest, circa A.D. 1000

SIG: evidence of civilization in North American before the arrival of Europeans

1. Tenochtitlan

2. Matrilineal

3. Peasants

4. Yeomen

5. Dower

6. Primogeniture

7. Pagans

8. Heresy

9. Civic Humanism

10. Republics

11. Guilds

12. Reconquista

13. Conquistadors

14. Encomiendas

15. Columbian Exchange

16. Mestizos

17. Caste System

18. Indulgences

19. Predestination

20. Mercantilism

21. Price Revolution

Part Two: Chapter Questions

Each of the following guided reading questions should be answered in a complete, detailed, well-

reasoned paragraph. Students should make every attempt to include specific examples in each

response.

1. Compare and Contrast the Mayan and Aztec Empires in the Venn Diagram below:

2. In North America different tribes flourished. Fill out the chart below and then white a thesis

statement to the following question: The Native American tribes in South America were far

more advanced than the tribes of North America. Support or refute (prove wrong) the above

statement & provide three examples in your answer.

TRIBE STRUCTURE ECONOMY LOCATION WHAT MAKES

THEM UNIQUE

Hopewell

Hohoham

Mississippian

Eastern Woodland

3. What were the main characteristics of the Indian civilizations in Mesoamerica? Please provide

four specific examples.

4. How were eastern woodland Indian societies organized and governed? In your answer, please

address culture, politics, gender, inheritance, and religion.

5. Explain both why and how Portugal and Spain pursued overseas commerce and conquest.

6. Compare and contrast the Portuguese impact in African with the Spanish impact in America.

7. What was Columbus’ purpose for exploring the “New World”? What did he find? How did

Columbus treat the Native Americans he found upon his arrival in the New World? (2

examples)

8. After reading the American Voices section on page 26 and studying the picture on page 27,

how do the Aztecs react to the invasion of the Spanish and what does the dark cloud mean in

the painting?

9. Provide four specific examples of how Protestant religious doctrine differed from that of

Roman Catholicism.

10. Summarize the Columbian Exchange on page 28.

11. Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange in food, people, diseases, and gold on the

Americas, Europe, and Africa.

12. Describe three factors that prompted the large-scale migration from England to America.

13. Explain four different ways in which the Indian people of Mesoamerica and North America

developed.

14. Explain four factors that made Native American people vulnerable to conquest by European

adventurers.

15. Describe five factors that led to the transatlantic trade in African slaves.

16. How was slavery in Africa different than what would exist in colonial America?

17. What was Mercantilism? How did this doctrine shape the policies of European monarchs to

promote both domestic manufacturing and foreign trade?

18. Describe five factors that allowed Europeans to become leaders in world trade and extend their

influence across the Atlantic.

19. Summarize Chapter 1 in 5 complete sentences.

Chapter 2 Reading Guide Part One: Identification Terms- Identify and state the Significance of each of the following

terms… (An example is done for you!)

Joint-Stock Companies

ID: a British financial arrangement that allowed merchants to band together as stockholders,

raising money and sharing the risks and profits that came with colonization in the 1600s

SIG: early example of a corporation; settled the first English colony—Virginia

1. Ecomenderos

2. New Amsterdam

3. Headright

4. House of Burgesses

5. Cecil Calvert

6. Indentures

7. Common Law

8. Chattel Slavery

9. Freeholders

10. Nathaniel Bacon

11. Mayflower Compact

12. Predestination

13. Roger Williams

14. Anne Hutchinson

15. Proprietors

16. Town Meetings

17. Fee Simple

18. Praying Towns

19. Metacom

Part Two: Chapter Questions

Each of the following guided reading questions should be answered in well-written sentences. Students

should make every attempt to include specific examples in each response.

1.

TERM DESCRIPTION/HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE House of Burgesses

Act of Tolerance 1649

Mayflower Compact

Anne Hutchinson

Roger Williams

How did each of the terms above contribute to the developing the foundations of American

democracy?

2. Complete the chart below based upon the European nation.

EUROPEAN

NATION

GOALS OF THE SETTLEMENT How did their ambition lead to

different settlement patterns?

SPANISH

FRENCH

DUTCH

(NETHERLANDS)

ENGLISH

3. Explain/describe the interaction/relationship between the Native Americans and each of the

following groups:

Spanish

Franciscans

French

English

4. Explain the economic, political & religious motivations of starting colonies by the following

nations:

NATION ECONOMIC

MOTIVATION

POLITICAL

MOTIVATION

RELIGIOUS

MOTIVIATION

DUTCH

ENGLISH

SPANISH

FRENCH

5. Upon their arrival, what difficulties did the Jamestown settlers face (both of their own creation

and other factors) from 1607-1622?

6. Prior to 1619, would you consider Jamestown to be an initial success based upon its charge

(mission) by the king and the Virginia Company? Why or why not?

7. By 1619, how did Jamestown begin to set the foundations of American democratic traditions?

8. How and why did a system of forced labor based on the factors of class and race emerge in the

Chesapeake and Virginia colonies in the early seventeenth century?

9. Describe the two major systems of bound labor that took hold in the Chesapeake colonies.

10. Compare and contrast the economic & religious purposes for the founding of Jamestown and

Maryland colonies.

11. Describe the role disease and tobacco play in colonial North America- give 3 examples.

12. Compare & contrast the life of an indentured servant with an African slave in colonial America.

13. Compare the Indian uprisings in Virginia in 1622 with Bacon’s Rebellion in 1675-1676. How

did each one impact development in Virginia?

14. Why did Pilgrims choose to migrate to British North America?

15. How did John Winthrop change the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

16. In what ways were Puritan ideals reflected in New England society?

17. Compare and contrast Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson & their banishment from

Massachusetts.

18. Describe the economic, religious, political, and intellectual foundations of Puritan society in

New England.

19. How did colonial society in the Chesapeake region differ from that of New England?

20. Compare the causes of the uprisings led by Popé in New Mexico and Metacom in New

England. Which rebellion was more successful? Why?

21. Why were there were no major witchcraft scares in the Chesapeake colonies and no uprisings

like Bacon’s Rebellion in New England? Consider the possible social, economic, and religious

causes of both phenomena.

Voices from Abroad (p. 45)

Samuel de Champlain: Going to War with the Hurons

22. Describe both the positive and negative ways that de Champlain describes the native people.

23. Describe three elements of intertribal methods of military engagement in Canada during the

early 1600s.

24. Compare and Contrast PLYMOUTH & JAMESTOWN colonies in the following areas:

CATEGORY COMPARE & CONTRAST

PLYMOUTH & JAMESTOWN

Reason For

Founding

Social

Politics

Relations w local

Native Americans

Economics

American Voices (p. 64) Questions 25 & 26

Mary Rowlandson: A Captivity Narrative

25. Why did the Native Americans capture Mary Rowlandson rather than kill her?

26. Mary's captivity experience outlines, by way of the people with whom she interacted, the

structure and dynamics of tribal society. What kinds of tribal and familial relationships does

Mary describe?

27. In the chart below, accurately describe the conflict, identify the years of the conflict and

explain the importance of each conflict:

CONFLICT DESCRIBE YEARS IMPORTANCE METACOM’S

REBELLION (KING

PHILIP’S WAR)

BACON’S

REBELLION

Jamestown colony v.

Powhatans

Chapter 3 Reading Guide Part One: Identification Terms- Identify and state the Significance of each of the following

terms… (An example is done for you!)

Manorial System

ID: the traditional social order in England—an upper noble class that rules over a mass of serfs;

envisioned in the colonies through the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669)

SIG: an early example of class struggle; what the rich nobility envisioned did not come to pass;

led to rebellions by the lower classes

Part Two: Chapter Questions

Each of the following guided reading questions should be answered in a complete, detailed, well-

reasoned paragraph. Students should make every attempt to include specific examples in each

response.

1. How did African-American communities in America respond to and resist their condition?

2. Explain the causes and the results of the Glorious Revolution in England and America.

3. How and why were the Carolinas created? How did expectations for them compare with the

actual outcome?

4. Describe TWO differences between North and South Carolina during the early colonial period.

5. How did William Penn (and his colony) differ from other colonies/settlers on ideas such as

treatment of Native Americans and religious freedom?

6. What were the Quaker’s basic beliefs? (Give 3)

7. Describe THREE unique social characteristics of the Pennsylvania colony.

8. What is the definition of mercantilism?

9. What was the larger purpose/goal of the Navigation Acts?

1. William Penn

2. Navigation Acts

3. Dominion of New England

4. Two Treatises on Government

5. Jacob Leisler

6. Middle Passage

7. Stono Rebellion

8. Gentry

9. Bills of Exchange

10. Salutary Neglect

11. Court/ Crown Party

12. War of Jenkin’s Ear

13. Land Banks

14. Molasses Act of 1733

15. Currency Act

10. Look at table 3.2 of the Navigation Acts 1651-1751. Based on the table, were the Navigation

Acts strictly enforced by the British government?

11. What was the role of the colonies within the British mercantilist system?

12. Dominion of New England: Complete the chart below

Dominion of New England

What was it? Why was it formed? Who joined?

13. John Locke’s Two Treaties on Government will influence US government. Explain how

Locke’s philosophies will help develop democratic ideals in the American political system?

14. How did Parliamentary leaders use John Locke’s Two Treaties on Government to justify the

Glorious Revolution?

15. In what way was the European-Iroquois relationship unique?

Pages 77-93

16. Describe the three major components of the South Atlantic system. How did it shape the

development of the various colonies?

17. Describe the role of both Africans and Europeans in the expansion of the Atlantic slave trade.

18. Explain how did the ideas and policies of the English Whigs affected British and colonial

politics between 1700 and 1760.

19. Describe how the British followed the policy of salutary neglect and explain its consequences.

20. What was the key crop in the West Indian islands?

21. In what ways did the sugar trade impact the West Indies, Europe, the Caribbean, Africa, and the

Americas? Fill in the chart below:

West Indies Europe Caribbean Africa Americas

22. Why did the West Indian region have the highest population of African slaves?

23. Describe THREE negative effects of the slave trade on the continent of Africa.

24. Complete the chart below. Fill in the chart comparing slavery in different regions. You should

be able to complete each box.

West Indies Chesapeake South Carolina

Major Crop

Life Expectancy

of slaves

Type of

labor/severity of

labor

Male/female

ratio, if noted

25. Give two examples of how Africans maintained their cultural heritage as slaves in North

America.

26. What group had the most political and economic control in the Cheseapaek colonies?

27. Whate were some of the important goods of the economy of New England?

28. Fill in the chart below based on the trade map on page 93. Be sure to carefully analyze the

map, paying special attention to arrow direction. See map explanation for tips.

Items sent from Britain to North

America/West Indies on British ships

Items sent from Africa to North

America/West Indies on British ships

Items sent from Americas to Britain on

American ships

Items sent from America to Africa on

American ships

Voices from Abroad (p. 81)

Olaudah Equiano: The Brutal “Middle Passage”

29. Describe two ways in which Equiano’s account of slavery is consistent with the analysis of

slavery in this chapter.

30. What evidence does Equiano offer in his description of the Middle Passage that explains the

average slave mortality rate of about 14 percent during the Atlantic crossing?

Pg 93-99

31. What was Britain’s underlying reason for creating Georgia colony in 1732?

Chapter 4 Reading Guide

Part One: Identification Terms- Identify and state the Significance of each of the following

terms…

1. Yoeman Farmer

2. Marriage Portion

3. Household Mode of Production

4. Cradle Scythe

5. Inmates

6. Society of Friends (Quakers)

7. Pietism

8. The Enlightenment

9. Deist

10. Poor Richard’s Almanack

11. Revival

12. Jonathan Edwards

13. George Whitefield

14. “Old Lights”

15. Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God

16. William Pitt

17. Consumer Revolution

18. Pontiac’s Rebellion

19. Proclamation of 1763

20. Paxton Boys

21. Regulator Movement

22. Treaty of Paris 1763

Part Two: Chapter Questions

Each of the following guided reading questions should be answered in a complete, detailed, well-

reasoned paragraph. Students should make every attempt to include specific examples in each

response.

1. How did regional differences in settlement patterns, labor conditions, and religious identity

develop during the eighteenth century in both freehold society in New England and the diverse

communities of the Middle Atlantic?

2. Describe the similarities and differences between the three colonial regions—New England, the

Middle colonies, and the South—from 1720 to 1750. Draw three conclusions about colonial

society based on this comparison.

3. In what ways were the lives of women and men in New England colonies different? List three

examples

4. Who were the new migrants to the Middle Colonies? Why did they leave Europe? What were

their goals in British North America?

5. Name the colonies that made up the Middle Colonies.

6. Explain three issues that divided the ethnic and religious groups of the Middle Colonies.

7. How were the Middle colonies different from the New England colonies in terms of religion?

8. How was deism a mix of Enlightenment and religious ideas.

9. Explain three ways that the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening prompted Americans to

challenge traditional sources of authority?

10. Describe how the Baptist insurgency in Virginia challenged conventional assumptions about

race, gender, and class.

11. Describe three causes of unrest in the American backcountry in the mid-eighteenth century.

Use information from any of the 4 chapters to complete the following 2 charts:

European Colonizing Experiences in North America during the 16th and 17th Centuries

Directions: Fill in the chart below, the given boxes are done to show you the amount of detail they is required to effectively answer the questions.

Nationality Imperial and economic goals (What were their goals? How did they work to achieve them? How successful were they?)

Cultural/Religious Goals (Did they have religious goals? What were they? Did they achieve them?)

Interactions with Natives/Organization and Strengths of Natives

How did the Land and Climate affect Economics (Did they trade b/c they couldn’t farm? Did they have small settlements or large land grants to individuals?)

Spanish Occupied small settlements amid vast areas that they claimed Arid SW undermined agricultural prospects Isolated trading posts were unable to turn into sources of economic return.

French Great Lakes Natives: Iroquois, Huron, and Algonquian, were constantly at war with each other, fighting over fur trade with French. Introduced disease. French sided with Algonquian and Hurons. War served purpose to limit contact with Dutch who had better metal materials to trade with Iroquois Coureurs de bois, lived with Natives and learned culture Converted many Introduced disease

Occupied small settlements amid vast areas they claimed Fur trade exploited the abundance of forest but limited development of agriculture

Dutch Estab. Trading relations with Natives, especially fur trading; control a sphere of trade in order to acquire wealth; challenge Spanish and later England; Chartered W. India Co. which founded colonies; Focused on African slave trade; P Stuyvesant go of New Amsterdam alienated diverse population; 1664 England took over

Little interest in religious conversion Dutch Reformed Church

Seized land from Algonquin which led to wars Focused on importing slaves to Brazil and ignored North American settlement

English Less interested in spiritual conversion; only N. England did they estab. Praying towns; Church of England was established in Chesapeake-had to pay taxes. Model for royal colonies in English America; Maryland founded as refuge for Catholics but settled mostly by Protestants so enacted Toleration Act of 1649.

The Thirteen English Colonies

Region Date of Founding

Founder or People associated with Early History of Colony, Notes on the Early History of the Colony: Why was it founded, significant characteristics, terms, and/or laws.

Environment, Economy, and Labor of the Region; the role of religion in these colonies

New England Plymouth &

Massachusetts Bay

Plymouth-1620

Mass.

Bay-1630

Connecticut 1636

Rhode Island 1636

New Hampshire

1623

Middle Colonies New York 1625

New Jersey 1664

Pennsylvania 1681

Delaware 1638

Southern Colonies Maryland 1632

Jamestown & Virginia

1607

North Carolina

Carolina-1663

NC-1712

South Carolina

Carolina-1663

SC-1712

Georgia 1732