Chapter 1: Scientific Chapter 1: Scientific ThinkingThinking

Your best pathway to understanding the Your best pathway to understanding the worldworld

technologytechnologyGlobal patternsGlobal patterns

HealthHealth Fun!Fun!

What does this have to What does this have to do with science?do with science?

Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials

What does this have to What does this have to do with science?do with science?

What is your advice?What is your advice?

If science proves some If science proves some belief of Buddhism wrong, belief of Buddhism wrong, then Buddhism will have to then Buddhism will have to changechange

——Dalai Lama, 2005Dalai Lama, 2005

ScienceScience

Scientific Method/ApproachScientific Method/Approach

1.1. ObservationObservation

2.2. QuestionQuestion

3.3. HypothesisHypothesis

4.4. PredictionPrediction

5.5. Gather informationGather information

6.6. ExperimentsExperiments

7.7. Assess resultsAssess results

8.8. ReportReport

Which answer puts the Which answer puts the steps of the scientific steps of the scientific method in the correct order method in the correct order to solve a problem? to solve a problem?

1.1. DDAACCBBEE

2.2. DDBBAACCEE

3.3. DDAABBCCEE

4.4. DDBBCCAAEE

A.If the problem was the yeast, then the bread should rise when I use the new yeast.

B.Maybe the yeast that I used had gone bad.

C.I will remake the bread using a new jar of yeast.

D.The bread did not rise.E.On my second attempt the

bread did rise so it is likely that the old yeast was bad.

Which answer below is a Which answer below is a hypothesis for the validity hypothesis for the validity of echinacea?of echinacea?1.1. Does echinacea reduce the duration and Does echinacea reduce the duration and

symptoms of the common cold?symptoms of the common cold?

2.2. Echinacea reduces the duration and severity Echinacea reduces the duration and severity of the symptoms of the common cold.of the symptoms of the common cold.

3.3. If echinacea acts as above, then patients If echinacea acts as above, then patients treated with echinacea at the first sign of treated with echinacea at the first sign of cold symptoms should recover faster than cold symptoms should recover faster than untreated patients.untreated patients.

4.4. None of the above.None of the above.

Which statement below is a prediction Which statement below is a prediction based on the following based on the following hypothesis: hypothesis:

Echinacea reduces the duration and severity Echinacea reduces the duration and severity of the symptoms of the common cold.of the symptoms of the common cold.

1.1. If echinacea works, then individuals taking echinacea If echinacea works, then individuals taking echinacea should get sick less frequently than those who are not should get sick less frequently than those who are not taking it, and when they do get sick, their illness should taking it, and when they do get sick, their illness should not last as long.not last as long.

2.2. If echinacea works, then individuals taking echinacea will If echinacea works, then individuals taking echinacea will have a similar rate of infection and be sick for a similar have a similar rate of infection and be sick for a similar duration when compared to people who are not taking it.duration when compared to people who are not taking it.

3.3. If echinacea works, then individuals taking echinacea will If echinacea works, then individuals taking echinacea will not contract the flu or not have the flu as long as those not contract the flu or not have the flu as long as those who are not taking it.who are not taking it.

4.4. If echinacea works, then if patients take twice the If echinacea works, then if patients take twice the dosage it will be twice as effective when compared to dosage it will be twice as effective when compared to those who are not taking it.those who are not taking it.

VariablesVariables

Control GroupControl Group Experimental GroupExperimental Group

Independent VariablesIndependent Variables Dependent VariablesDependent Variables

ScienceScienceScientific Theory-Scientific Theory- hypothesis has not hypothesis has not

been disproven over time and has a been disproven over time and has a large body of data to support it. large body of data to support it.

Ex:Ex:

Cell theoryCell theory

Atomic theoryAtomic theory

EvolutionEvolution

Which statement below Which statement below is not a theory?is not a theory?

1.1. My theory is that the bread didn’t My theory is that the bread didn’t rise because my yeast had gone rise because my yeast had gone bad.bad.

2.2. All living organisms are composed All living organisms are composed of cells.of cells.

3.3. All living organisms are related to All living organisms are related to one another by evolution.one another by evolution.

4.4. Matter is composed of atoms.Matter is composed of atoms.

Anecdotal ObservationsAnecdotal Observations

What makes something What makes something qualify as living?qualify as living?

Organized into a cell/sOrganized into a cell/s Contains DNAContains DNA Can reproduce Can reproduce require energy inputsrequire energy inputs Grow and developGrow and develop Respond to stimuliRespond to stimuli HomeostaticHomeostatic EvolvesEvolves

DiversityDiversity

Classification:Classification: Domain (3- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya)Domain (3- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) Kingdom- (Ex: Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protista)Kingdom- (Ex: Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protista) Phylum (Ex: chordata)Phylum (Ex: chordata) Class (Ex: Mammalia)Class (Ex: Mammalia) Order (Ex: Carnivora)Order (Ex: Carnivora) Family (Ex: Felidae)Family (Ex: Felidae) Genus (Ex: Panthera)Genus (Ex: Panthera) Species (Ex: pardus)Species (Ex: pardus)

Ex: Ex: Panthera pardus Panthera pardus

genusgenus speciesspecies

2 ways in which organisms 2 ways in which organisms can obtain their nutrients:can obtain their nutrients:

1. 1. ProducersProducers- aquire energy and raw - aquire energy and raw materials from the environmentmaterials from the environment

photosynthesisphotosynthesis to convert solar to convert solar energy to chemical energy. (use energy to chemical energy. (use sunlight to make sugars).sunlight to make sugars).

2.2.ConsumersConsumers- - energy and nutrients energy and nutrients are obtained by consuming are obtained by consuming producers and other organisms.producers and other organisms.

Ex: animalsEx: animals

decomposersdecomposers

DNA (molecule)DNA (molecule)

ReproductionReproduction

cells

EvolutionEvolution

Core Theme of Biology!Core Theme of Biology!Mutations:Mutations:

Darwin’sDarwin’s““Survival of the Fittest”Survival of the Fittest”

Natural selection-Natural selection-

Adaptive traitAdaptive trait