chapter 1 - scope of microbiology

5/18/2018 Chapter 1 - Scope of Microbiology

1/381Copyright 2014, 2011, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, n!"

WELCOME

to

Clinical Microbiology

Hemant Sabharwal M.D., [email protected]!


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Chapter 1S!ope of #i!robiology

#osby items and derived items 2010 by #osby, n!", an affiliate of Elsevier n!"


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#i!robiology

Study of mi!roorganisms %ariety of te!hni&ues used for

%isuali'ation

dentifi!ation Study of mi!robial fun!tion

S!ien!e of mi!robiology (riginated )ith invention of the mi!ros!ope


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Comparison of Cell Si'es


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#i!ros!opy and ts +ounding +athers

a!!harias and -ans .anssen /ut!h eyeglass maers n about 1*0 produ!ed the first !ompound

mi!ros!ope


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ntony van 3eeu)enhoe

16$2152$ ative of -olland +ather of mi!ros!opy

(bserved proto'oans and ba!teria 7nimal!ules8


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9obert -ooe :16$*150$;

English s!ientist mproved the design and !apability of the

!ompound light mi!ros!ope

(bserved inse!ts, sponges, proto'oans, andmore

Micrographia


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3ight #i!ros!opes

/isse!tion and stereomi!ros!opes 3o) po)er? for observing )hole ob>e!ts

rightDfield mi!ros!ope

a!ground is lighter than observed spe!imen #ost spe!imens re&uire fi@ing and staining for

brightDfield mi!ros!opy


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rightDfield #i!ros!ope


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#i!ros!opes

/arDfieldmi!ros!ope =sed to vie) unfi@ed, unstained spe!imens

Su!h as living organisms a!ground dar, spe!imen bright


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/arDfield #i!ros!opy

Chee !ells


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#i!ros!opes

haseD!ontrast mi!ros!ope =sed to vie) unfi@ed, transparent spe!imens Effe!tive for observation of !ytoplasmi! streaming,

motility, and the dynami! states of !ell organelles


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haseD!ontrast #i!ros!opy


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#i!ros!opes

+luores!en!e mi!ros!opes =ltraviolet illumination %isuali'ation of spe!imens that !ontain naturally

fluores!ent substan!es or that have been stained)ith fluores!ent stainsFdyes =sed in diagnosis of infe!tious diseases =sed in mi!robial e!ologypplied to identify spe!ifi! antibodies in response

to antigens


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+luores!en!e #i!ros!opy

Pseudomonas

Courtesy /r" 3arry -alverson, o)a State =niversity"


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#i!ros!opes

Confo!al mi!ros!opes Sharper imagesllo)s visuali'ation of different planes of a

spe!imen (ften by using a laser for illumination mage !an be displayed threeDdimensionally )ith

7ele!troni! staining8


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1


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Ele!tron #i!rograph of a euron


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Ele!tron #i!ros!opes

S!anning :SE#; o se!tions S!ans the surfa!e of an ob>e!t GhreeDdimensional image


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S!anning Ele!tron #i!rograph of

Campylobacter

Courtesy /r" .ames /i!inson, o)a State =niversity"


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Spontaneous Heneration

biogenesis? 3ife develops from nonliving

matter roponents

+irmly believed that living things !an !ome fromnonliving matter

(pponents Started doubting and developed e@periments to

!ontradi!t abiogenesis 3ouis asteur ended the !ontroversy


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+ran!es!o 9edi #aggots from fly eggs

ntony van 3eeu)enhoe

nimal!ules gave 7fuel8 for ea!h side of thedebate

.ohn eedham Gurbidity in boiled broth

Claimed vi!tory for abiogenesis


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3a''aro Spallan'ani 9epeated eedhamIs e@periment )ithout air

a!!ess to the flas

3ouis asteur Ghe definitive e@periment )ith broth in s)anDne!ed flass


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Gurbidity and Hro)th


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Herm Gheory of /isease

Suspi!ion that mi!roorganisms !ause not

only spoilage and de!ay but also infe!tious

disease


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Herm Gheory of /isease

(liver Jendell -olmes Childbirth deaths lined to dirty hands of

physi!ians gna' Semmel)eis

3ined maternity infe!tions to !ontamination ofhands

9e&uired !hlorine solution )ash .oseph 3ister

E@panded proto!ols )ith aerosol disinfe!tion ntrodu!ed asepti! te!hni&ues


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2


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Classifi!ation of #i!roorganisms

roaryotes o membraneDbound organelles, su!h as a

nu!leus :pro, beforeL karyon,nu!leus;r!haea, ba!teria

Euaryotes Jith membraneDbound !ell organelleslgae, fungi, proto'oans

(ther %iruses, viroids, prions


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Ga@onomy

Ghe formal system of organi'ing, !lassifying,and naming living organisms

/omain, ingdom, phylum :division for

ba!teria;, !lass, order, family, and genus,spe!ies, strain inomial :s!ientifi!; nomen!lature?

established by 3innaeus Escherichia coli


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Kingdoms of 3ife


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Ga@onomy

Ea!h organism has at least t)o names? thegenus and spe!ies

S!ientifi! names are itali!i'ed or underlined

Ghe genus is !apitali'ed and the spe!ies is inlo)er !ase fter the first use, s!ientifi! names may be

abbreviated )ith the first letter of the genus E. coli


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Joese+o@ System?

Ghree /omains

a!teria r!haea Euarya

rotists

+ungi lantsnimals


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Ga@onomy

Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology altimore !lassifi!ation of viruses nternational Committee on Ga@onomy of

%iruses :CG%;


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#i!roorganisms in -ealth and

/isease

#i!robial e!ology (ften deals )ith biofilms ntera!tions

#utualism

Commensalism Synergism arasitism


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#i!roorganisms in -ealth and

/isease

ormal flora versus pathogens +oodborne diseases

(rganismFto@in !ontamination

Jaterborne diseases (rganism !ontamination irborne diseases

erosols


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pplied #i!robiology

+ood produ!tion Mogurt, bread

l!oholi! beverages Jine, beer

Greatment of )ater supplies ndi!ator organisms

harma!euti!al agents eni!illin


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$usti!e, epidemiology,

bioterrorism

chapter 1 - scope of microbiology

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