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Chapter 1 The Political Culture, People, And Economy of Texas

The Political Culture, People, and Economy of Texas

Texas Political Culture

•  Poli.cal culture: broadly shared values, beliefs, and a:tudes about how government and society should func.on

•  Poli.cal culture in U.S. states: Daniel Elazar – Shaped by state founding origins and experiences – Defined by state orienta.on toward:

• Marketplace • Role of government • Who should par.cipate in government and poli.cs


•  Three state poli.cal culture categories: – Moralis.c –  Individualis.c – Tradi.onalis.c

•  Some are a blend of two

•  Broad defini.ons for each category help understand state-‐level differences

Not a literal/direct defini/on of all people in all states in contemporary society.


•  Moralis.c poli.cal culture – Rooted in New England Puritanism – The common good (expressed through poli.cs) is everyone’s concern.

– Government should promote the public good. – Examples: MN, IA, WI, CA, WA, ME, VT, NH


•  Individualis.c poli.cal culture – Focuses more on commercial success – Government should provide order and protect property.

– Bureaucracy viewed as interference – Less concern for mass par.cipa.on in poli.cs – Examples: NY, PA, OH, IL, NV


•  Tradi.onalis.c poli.cal culture – Rooted in planta.on values of social hierarchy – Focused on tradi.on and maintaining exis.ng social order (keep standing arrangements)

– Poli.cs engaged in by established wealthy families – Examples: TX, AZ, FL, MS, AL


•  Texas tradi.onalis.c–moralis.c mix – Low taxes and social service provision – Business interests dominate policy

•  Texas harder to generalize – Historical origins/development within state differ

•  Example: large ci.es (Houston, Dallas), border ci.es (El Paso, Laredo, Rio Grande Valley), rural regions sharply different histories, people, and industries


•  One-‐party state – Democra.c Party dominated Texas for over a century.

• Held all statewide offices, won presiden.al elec.ons •  100 percent of state legislature

– Today, GOP dominates Texas poli.cs. • Democrats have not won statewide office since 1994.

•  Texas legislature majority since 2002 – Democrats remain popular in Texas ci.es, though.

•  See congressional, state legislature, and county offices


•  Business dominance – Unions are mostly absent – Consumer and environmental concerns not especially influen.al

•  Provincialism (narrow view of the world) – Associated with Jeffersonian no.ons of limited government and rural values

– Low spending on social services and educa.on –  Intolerant of social hierarchy challenges, diversity

The Land

•  Texas poli.cs shaped by state geography – Size, loca.on, natural resources

•  2nd largest state, 267,00 sq. miles – 800 miles north to south (about 11 hrs. by car) – 773 miles east to west (about 10.5 hrs. by car)

•  Largest border with foreign country •  Gulf coast and rivers, fer.le and desert land, plains and mountains, oil and natural gas

The Physical Regions of Texas

Economic Change in Texas

•  Texas economic development .ed to resources and technology of the .me

•  Three phases of technological change: – Colon and calle – Oil – Technology innova.ons

•  Facilitated state strengths in high-‐tech industry, medical research, energy industry, and banking


Colon cul.va.on began in the 1820s. •  By 1880s, Texas was the

largest producer.

•  Connected to na.onal markets by railroads


•  Colon – Labor-‐intensive cul.va.on led to tenant farming and sharecropping. • A system of social and economic dependency that trapped many Texans in rural areas

– Crop-‐lien system could easily place households in debt from which they could not escape • Radical poli.cal discontent in rural areas led to support for Grange and Populist movements


•  Calle ranching – Texas has dominated calle ranching industry for over a century. • Vast space, land suited for grazing and growing specialized feed

–  Increasingly operated by large agribusinesses •  Many located in Texas, or agreements with calle ranchers in the state

– Currently, only about 2 percent of Texas popula.on is located on farms

Cattle Ranching


•  Oil – Took off in 1901 with Spindletop – By 1930s, oil replaced agriculture as the main contributor to its economy • Allowed America to move from coal to oil as primary energy source

•  Facilitates crea.on of the na.onal highway system

– Energy industry develops in Texas •  Oil, natural gas, produc.on, explora.on and research

Oil in the Texas Economy

Oil Production in Texas


•  Oil led to a rise in industrialism along the coast and boomtowns near oil fields.

•  Texas Railroad Commission brought stability to the markets. – State agency regula.ng oil and gas industries – Allowed common pipeline carriers that served many different companies (efficient)

– Regulated oil produc.on to smooth pricing


•  NAFTA—North American Free Trade Agreement (1992) – Created free trade zone U.S., Canada, and Mexico – Texas increased exports to Mexico and Canada by $10b between 1992 and 1997.

– 24 out of 32 industries that export to Mexico saw double-‐digit gains

The Changing Face of Texas, 1850–2010

The People: Texas Demography

•  Three sources of popula.on growth – Natural increase (births) –  Interna.onal immigra.on (outside the U.S.) – Domes.c immigra.on (one U.S. state to another)

•  Texas has 2nd largest popula.on – 25.5 million as of 2011

• California is 1st with 37.2 million – Between 2000 and 2010, grew by 4.5 million, 20 percent

•  Six flags over Texas: over five centuries, Texas was part of six different sovereign en..es.

1. Spain: 1519–1685 and 1690–1821 2. France: 1685–1690 3. Mexico: 1821–1836 4. Republic of Texas: 1836–1845 5. Confederacy: 1861–1865 6. United States: 1845–1861; and since 1865


•  Anglos – Whites of European descent (except Spain)

•  Largest group during nineteenth and twen.eth centuries – First wave arrived before Texas Revolu.on (1835)

•  Both Spain and Mexico gave Anglos land grants to bring people to Texas. – Most notably, Moses Aus.n and son, Stephen F. Aus.n


•  Anglos – Popula.on surge aper Revolu.on (1835–6) – Mostly immigra.on from southern states

•  Southern sellers brought slaves with them. – Most Texas farmers never owned slaves.

•  Yet, overwhelmingly supported secession/Civil War


Anglos

Anglo Population in Texas Counties, 2010


•  Hispanics/La.nos – Origins to any of 20 Spanish-‐speaking na.ons (La.n America and Spain)

•  Texas La.nos mostly Mexican origin – Historical overlap and proximity – 88 percent of La.no Texans are Mexican origin (2010)

•  Established presence in Texas – Sizeable Mexican origin popula.on has always been the case

•  Long-‐standing large La.no popula.on regions – El Paso, San Antonio, all of South Texas

•  Pockets with less presence – Distance from large metro area and border

• Historical and contemporary trend

•  Texas is 38 percent La.no (2010) –  Increasingly urban, true for en.re state popula.on – Opportuni.es in ci.es draw people


Hispanic Population in Texas Counties, 2010


•  History of an.-‐Hispanic poli.cal discrimina.on – Despite large popula.ons, systema.c barriers

•  Segregated public facili.es •  Targeted by poll taxes and white primaries

•  Vo.ng Rights Act (1965) demise of Jim Crow – Fewer par.cipa.on/representa.on barriers – 20 percent of Texas legislature is La.no (37 of 181) – By 2010, approximately 2,500 La.nos held elected office in various state and local posi.ons.

•  African Americans – Black popula.on origins in Texas reflects the state’s history with slavery

•  Growth in slave popula.on – Mexican government an.slavery policies kept black popula.on rela.vely low un.l the Texas Revolu.on (<5,000 in 1830s)

– Post-‐Texas Revolu.on, southern sellers brought large number of slaves to the state


•  1860 (Civil War), over 182,000 slaves in Texas – Tripled in size in only 10 yrs. (1850=58,000) – Cons.tuted one-‐third of the state’s popula.on – Concentrated in East Texas

• Wharton and Brazoria coun.es highest numbers

•  Emancipa.on and Reconstruc.on – Texas slaves freed three years aper Emancipa.on Proclama.on (Juneteenth)

– 100,000+ African American men registered voters


African Americans

African American Population in Texas Counties, 2010

•  By 1903, Jim Crow laws and violence toward blacks keep nearly all blacks from the polls. – Only 5,000 black registered voters

•  Civil rights and popula.on changes – Numerous black elected officials, especially in the Houston and Dallas areas

– 63 percent of Texas black popula.on resides in Houston and Dallas areas (2010 Census)

– Texas popula.on is 12 percent African American


•  Early urbaniza.on – Towns were founded under Mexican rule as a means of colonizing the territory •  Evidenced by the courthouse in the town center

– Vast majority of state was rural, and small towns

•  88 percent now reside in urban and suburban areas:

Aus.n « Corpus Chris. « Dallas « El Paso « Fort Worth Houston « Laredo « Rio Grande Valley « San Antonio


Per Capita Income in Texas and the United States, 1990–2010

(in Nominal Nonadjusted Dollars)

Urbanization in Texas, 1850–2010

WHO ARE TEXANS?

How is the Texas Population Changing?

CHAPTER 1

WHO ARE TEXANS?

SOURCES: Texas State Data Center; Office of State Demographer.

Race and Total Population

TOTAL POPULATION =

1980

14,229,191

White 66% Black 12% Hispanic 21% Other 1%

= 250,000 people

2010

24,330,646


2040

35,761,165


WHO ARE TEXANS?

Geography


2020 2040

< 25%

26 – 45%

46 – 65%

66 – 85%

86% +

Projected Population Growth from the year 2000 by Metropolitan Area

WHO ARE TEXANS?

Geography


Projected Population Growth from the year 2000 by Metropolitan Area

2000

Rural Areas

Other Metropolitan Areas

San Antonio Area

Houston Area

Dallas-Ft. Worth Area

Austin Area

2,907,272

5,106,131

1,711,703

4,715,407

5,161,544

1,249,763

2020

3,452,327 +19%

6,689,146 +31%

2,179,553 +27%

6,443,005 +37%

7,340,276 +42%

1,901,433 +52%

2040

3,825,783 +32%

8,254,026 +62%

2,514,097 +49%

8,398,069 +78%

10,107,348 +96%

2,661,842 +113%

Urban Political Economy

•  Houston – 1800s, economy based on commerce and colon – Houston Ship Channel transformed the city to become a major metropolitan area.

– Oil and natural gas expanded industry base •  Largest manufacturer of petroleum equipment

– Technological advances spurred economic growth. • NASA (Johnson Space Center), The Texas Medical Center (world’s largest), nanotechology


•  Dallas –  Sat at intersec.on of two major railroads

•  Transformed into a major commerce center –  Developed into financial center for the oil industry

•  Addi.onal economic bases: transporta.on, tech, retail

•  Fort Worth –  Located at a res.ng spot for calle herders

•  Railroads were built to serve the calle industry. – Major military installa.on

•  Helped develop the avia.on industry


•  San Antonio –  Ini.ally large city because it was the capitol of Spanish Texas

•  Economic and bases today – Military infrastructure

• Bases, civilian industry and support – Tourism

• Most visited in the state, Alamo major alrac.on

– Medical

Populations of the Largest Cities in Texas, 2010

Race and Ethnic Breakdown of Texas and

Its Largest Counties, 2010

Public Opinion Poll

Which of the following do you think most accurately describes contemporary Texas?

a) Large ci.es, high-‐skill jobs (tech, engineering, medicine, etc.), diverse popula.on

b) Rural communi.es, farming and ranching jobs, homogenous popula.on

Public Opinion Poll

Republicans have held all statewide offices in Texas for over 16 years. Do you think this trend will con.nue into the next decade, or do you expect Democrats will be more compe..ve in the near future?

a) GOP will remain very strong. b) Democrats will start winning statewide.

Public Opinion Poll

Which of the following factors do you think is most important in shaping the state’s culture?

a) Diverse and large popula.on b) Unique geography (size, border, climate) c) Natural resources (oil, gas, crops, gulf)

Public Opinion Poll

Is it possible for Texas to maintain a small-‐ government approach when the state popula.on con.nues to grow at a quick rate that outpaces all others?

a) Yes, the state can have more people without growing the size of government.

b) No, more people means the state government will have to grow.

Public Opinion Poll

Is Texas truly dis.nc.ve from other southern or southwestern states in terms of its people and poli.cs?

a) Yes, Texas has a unique poli.cal culture. b) No, Texas is essen.ally like neighboring states. c) Texas once was different, but that is no longer the case.

Chapter 1: The Political Culture, People, and Economy of Texas

• Quizzes • Flashcards • Outlines • Exercises wwnorton.com/we-‐the-‐people

Following this slide, you will find addi.onal images, figures, and tables from the textbook.

The Interstate Highway System in Texas

The Emergence of the High-Tech Economy

Hispanics

The Urban Political Economy

Liberty, Equality, and Democracy in Texas

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