chapter 1 understanding science

8/2/2019 Chapter 1 Understanding Science

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCING SCIENCE

(PENGENALAN SAINS)


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SCIENCE

Sains ialah satu ilmu pengetahuan hasil daripada kajian yang sistematiktentang segala benda dan kejadian dalam alam sekitar.

Explain all phenomena or all things about

(menerangkan semua kejadian tentang)

Tumbuhandanhaiwan

Bumi danlangit

Cuaca danangin

pergerakanbahan

Bagaimana

bendaberoperasi

Bunga

berkembang

Ribut petir hujanBola jatuh

ke tanah

Mesin

beroperasi


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1. Sains adalah bidang ilmu pengetahuanyang berkaitan dengan dunia sekeliling.

2. Teknologi adalah penggunaan ilmu sainsuntuk keperluan manusia.


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IMPORTANT OF

SCIENCE(kepentingan sains)

We get to know and understand the

environment and ourselves.(membantu kita memahami alam

sekeliling dan diri kita)

Can bring answers to the problems we

face.(memberi jawapan kepada masalahyang kita hadapi)

Enables us to develop new technologies.(membolehkan kita

memperkembangkan teknologi baru)


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Contributions

of science(sumbangan sains)

Health(kesihatan)

Comforts of life(untuk kesenanganhidup)

Communication(komunikasi)

Agriculture(pertanian)

Transport(pengangkutan)

Spacepioneering

(Penerokaanangkasa lepas)

Entertainment(hiburan)


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KERJAYA DALAMBIDANG SAINS

GURU

SAINS

DOKTOR

DOKTOR

GIGI

AHLIFARMASI

JURUTERA

ANGKASAWAN


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L b f l


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Laboratory safety rule( do) ( Dont do )

1. Keep the laboratory clean and

tidy(Pastikan makmal bersih dankemas)

1. Do not enter the laboratory

without your teacherspermission.

(Jangan masuk ke dalam makmaltanpa kebenaran guru)

2. Wash all apparatus after

use.(Cuci peralatan yang telahdigunakan)

2. Do not play or run in the

laboratory(Jangan bermain/berlaridlm makmal)

3. Report any injury or breakageto your teacher immediately.(Laporkan sebarang kecederaan

/kerosakan kepada guru)

3. Do not eat or drink in thelaboratory (Jangan makan/minumdalam makmal)

4. Do not taste any chemical.

(Jangan merasa sebarang bahankimia)


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Nyalaan Kuning

Berlaku bila lubang udaraditutup

Senang dilihat kerananyalaan berkilau

Nyalaan menghasilkanbanyak jelaga

Nyalaan tidak panasseperti nyalaan biru

Tidak sesuai untukpemanasan

Nyalaan Biru

Berlaku bila lubang udaradibuka

Sukar dilihat kerananyalaan tidak berkilau

Nyalaan tidakmenghasilkan jelaga

Nyalaan sangat panas

Sesuai untuk pemanasan


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Refer Table 1.1 (Page 14 in Text book)

Process skills in science (Kemahiran Proses Sains)

1. Asking questions (Tanya soalan)

2. Making observation (Membuat pemerhatian)

3. Taking measurements (Mengambil ukuran/sukatan)

4. Recording the data collected ( Merekod data yangdikumpulkan)

5. Analysing and interpreting data ( Menganalisis dan

mentafsir data)

6. Making conclusions (Membuat kesimpulan)

7. Writing reports to communicate the results (Menulis

laporan untuk melaporkan keputusan)

Step in a scientific investigation


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Step in a scientific investigation(Langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik)

4.

1. Identifying a problem (Mengenal pasti masalah)

2. Forming a hypothesis (Membina / membuat hipotesis)

3.Planning the experiment (Merancang eksperimen)

(Menjalankan eksperimen)mengawal pembolehubah 1) manipulasi

2) bergerakbalas3) dimalarkan

5. Collecting data (Mengumpul data)

6. Analyzing and interpreting data (Analisis dan mentafsir data)

7. Making conclusion (Membuat kesimpulan)

8. Writing Report (Menulis laporan)


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Aktiviti 1.31. U - Mengenal pasti masalah2. W3. P

4. R5. Q

6. V7. T8. S


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Aktiviti 1.3(a) Mengumpul data

(b) Membuat kesimpulan(c) Mengawal pemboleh ubah

(d) Membuat hipotesis(e) Membuat hipotesis


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Fix Number of oscillation


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1. A simple pendulum with 10 cm long thread is prepared

2. The pendulum is pulled to one side, then it is released

3. The time taken for 10 complete oscillations is recorded in a table

4. The experiment is repeated using a simple pendulum of differentlengths as shown in the table.

5. A graph showing the length of pendulum versus the time taken for 10complete oscillations is drawn.


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Panjangbandul

(cm) 1 2 3

Purata Masayang

diambiluntuk 1ayunan

lengkap40 12 13 13 (12+13+13)

/ 3 = 12.212.2 / 10 =

1.22

50 15 16 15

60 16 16 16 48 / 3 = 16 16 / 10 =1.6

70 17 17 17 17 1.7

80 17 19 19


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1.4 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIRUNITS (Kuantiti Fizikal dan unitnya)

1. Physical quantities are quantities that can be

measured.(Kuantiti fizikal ialah yang bolehdiukur)

2. Example of physical quantities are (Contoh-contohkuantiti fizikal ialah ):

a. Length(panjang)b. Mass (jisim)

c. Time (masa)

d. Temperature (suhu)

e. Electric current (arus elektrik)


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Physical quantities and the S.I unit for eachmeasurement (kuantiti fizikal dan unit SI

antarabangsa untuk setiap pengukuran ialah)

Physical quantity

(kuantiti fizikal)

S.I unit

(unit SI-antarabangsa)

Symbol ofunit

Length (panjang) Metre(m)-meter m

Mass (jisim) Kilogram (kg)-kilogram kg

Time (MASA) Second (s)-saat s

Temperature(suhu)

Degree Celsius (C) orKelvin (K)-darjah celsiusatau Kelvin

K

Electric current(arus elektrik) Ampere-(Ampere)

A


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Physical quantity

(kuantiti fizikal)

S.I unit

(unit SI-antarabangsa)

Symbol ofunit

Length (panjang)

Mass (jisim)

Time (MASA)

Temperature(suhu)

Electric current(arus elektrik)

Early method of measuring length


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Early method of measuring length

1. The physical quantities that are used in specificationsand labels of goods have certain values and units.

Example:Mass (jisim) = 2 kg

Physical quantity

(kuantiti fizikal)

Value

(nilai)

Unit

(unit)

(jengkal) (hasta) (depa)


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Using prefixes in measurement

1. Prefixes use whenthe quantities wemeasure have verybig values or very

small values.

2. The use of prefixes

makes it easier forus to write thesemeasurement.


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Prefix Symbol Value of prefix

kilo- k 1000

centi- c 1/100 = 0.01

milli- m 1/1000 = 0.001

Mega- M 1000 000

deci- d 1/10 = 0.1micro- 1/1000 000 = 0.000 001

1 10


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1 cm = 10 mm

1mm = 1/10 cm (0.1 cm)

1m = 100 cm

1 cm = 1/100m (0.01 m)

1m = 1000 mm

1 mm = 1/1000 m (0.001 m)

..1 km = 1000 m

1 m = 1/ 1000 km (0.001 m)

exercisex10


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exercise

Question method

1 cm= mm 1 cm X 10 = 10 mm

8 cm= mm 8 cm X 10 = 80 mm

10 cm = mm . mm

50 cm = mm . mm

120 cm = mm mm

a. 1 cm = 10 mm (besar kepada kecil)b. 1 mm = 1/10 cm (kecil kepada besar)

x10

/10

a 1 cm = 10 mm (besar kepada kecil)


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question method

1 mm = ..cm 1 mm X 1/10 = 0.1 cm

9 mm = ..cm .cm

27 mm = ..cm .cm

50 mm = ..cm .cm

89 mm = ..cm cm

a. 1 cm = 10 mm (besar kepada kecil)1 mm = 1/10 cm (kecil kepada besar)


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1. 4 cm = .mm

2. 7 cm = .mm

3. 14 cm = ..mm4. 46 cm = ..mm

5. 66 cm = ..mm

6. 5 mm = ..cm

7. 60 mm = .cm

8. 80 mm = .cm

9. 190 mm = cm

10.210 mm = cm

1 cm = 10 mm

1mm = 0.1 cm

X10

10

1 m = 100 cm


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1 m = 100 cm1 cm = 0.01 m

1. 1m = ..cm

2. 3 m = .cm

3. 7 m = ..cm

4. 21m = ..cm

5. 48 m = .cm

6. 99 m = ..cm

7. 107m = ..cm

8. 297m= cm

1 m = 100 cm


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1 m 100 cm1 cm = 0.01 m

1. 1 cm = ..m

2. 8 cm = ..m3. 11cm = .m

4. 72 cm = m

5. 95 cm = m6. 111 cm = ..m

7. 218 cm = ..m

8. 330 cm = ..m9. 0.2 cm = ..m

10. 0.17 cm= ..m

i


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exercise

1. 4m = ..cm

2. 9 m = .cm

3. 12 m = ..cm

4. 22m = ..cm

5. 57 m = .cm

6. 68 cm = ..m

7. 88 cm = ..m

8. 0.5 cm = ..m

9. 0.7 cm = ..m

10. 0.15 cm= ..m


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1m = 1000 mm1 mm = 1/1000 m (0.001)

1. 1m= .mm 6. 1 mm = .m

2. 2 m = ..mm 7. 2 mm = m

3. 7 m = ..mm 8. 50 mm = ..m4. 40 m = ..mm 9. 89 mm = m

5. 79 m = ..mm 10. 100 mm ..m


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1 km = 1000 m1 m = 1/ 1000 km =0.001km

1. 1 km= .m 6. 1000 m = .km

2. 2 km = ..m 7. 2000 m = km

3. 7 km = ..m 8. 5000 m = ..km

4. 40 km = ..m 9. 8900 m = km

5. 79 km = ..m 10. 7000 m ..km

Symbols and value ofsymbols for prefixes


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Symbols and value ofsymbols for prefixes

Prefix Symbol True value of the symbol Value of the

symbol instandard form

Mega M 1000 000 1 X 106

Kilo k 1000 1 X 103

Desi d 1/ 10 = 0.1 1 X 10-1

Centi c 1/ 100 = 0.01 1 X 10-2

Milli m 1/ 1000 = 0.001 1 X 10-3

Micro 1/1000 000 = 0.000 001 1 X 10-6

nano n 0.000 000 001 1 X 10-9


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Prefix Symbol

Giga G

Tera T

Exa E

Zetta Z

Pico P

Fento F

anto A

Value of the symbol in standardform

1 X 109

1 X 1012

1 X 1018

1 X 1021

1 X 10-12

1 X 10-15

1 X 10-18

exercies


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1. Change the value of physical quantities below to the standardform, and to prefix form.

a. 3000 g to kgb. 0.0075 m to mm

c. 5.5 mm to m

d. 8.3 mm to km

exercies


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Exercise 1.4

1. Physical quantity is a quantitythat can be measured.

2. (a)

kg(b) m

(c) A

(d) s

(e) K


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3. (a) 1 / 1000 = 0.001

(b) 1 / 100 = 0.01

(c) 1000

4. (a) 90 kg

(b) 18.5 km(c) 6 mg

(d) 1.5 mm

(e) 0.5 kg

(f) 30 cm

CONCEPT OF weight (Konsep berat)


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CONCEPT OF weight (Konsep berat)

1. The weight is gravitational pull that acts on the object.(Berat suatu objek ialah daya tarikan graviti yang bertindak ke

atas objek tersebut).

2. The weight -can change(Berat sesuatu objek boleh berubah kerana ia bergantung kepadatarikan graviti).

3. It depends on the gravitational force(Ia bergantung kepada daya tarikan graviti yang bertindak ke atassesuatu objek. Berat adalah berbeza dari satu tempat ke satutempat)

4. The S.I unit for weight is Newton (N)

(Unit S.I antarabangsa bagi berat ialah Newton)

5. The weight of an object is measured by using a spring balanceor a compression balance.( Berat sesuatu objek diukur dengan menggunakan neraca springdan neraca mampatan).

W i ht


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1. The weight is gravitational pull that acts

on the object. (Berat suatu objek ialahdaya tarikan graviti yang bertindak ke atasobjek tersebut).

Weight

Balance to measure weight


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Balance to measure weight

(neracaspring)

(Neraca mampatan)


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. Salin Table 1.4 dalam buku teks m/s 23

. Buat Exercises 1.5

(1) mass

(2) weight(3) kilogram (kg)

(4) Newton (N)

(5) Spring balance and compression balance(6) ..

Homework

CONCEPT OF MASS(konsep jisim)


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1. The mass of an object is the quantity of

matter that is present in the object.(Jisim suatuobjek adalah kuantiti jirim yang terkandung di dalamobjek tersebut.

2. The mass of an object is fixed although it may bemoved to different places (Jisim adalah tetapwalaupun di tempat yang berlainan).

3. Mass is different from weight. The mass of anobject is not influenced by the force ofgravitational pull (Jisim tidak dipengaruhi oleh dayatarikan graviti).

4. The S.I unit for mass is kilogram (kg). Other unitsfor mass is gram (g) and miligram (mg).Unit S.I bagijisim ialah Kilogram (kg). Unit lain adalah gram (g)dan miligram (mg).

5. Alat untuk mengukur jisim adalah neraca tuas,neraca tiga alur, neraca 2 alur, dan neraca

elektronik

CONCEPT OF MASS(konsep jisim)

Types of balance to measure mass (alat untuk sukat


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jisim)

er ezaan antara s m an erat


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(Perbezaan) (Jisim) (Berat)

(dipengaruhi

oleh tarikangraviti)

(Kuantiti jirim dalam

objek)(Tidak dipengaruhi olehtarikan graviti)

(berat-daya tarikan graviti

yang bertindak padasesuatu objek)

(Dipengaruhi oleh tarikangraviti)

(Nilai) (Tetap dan tidak kira

tempat)

(Berubah-ubah mengikut

tempat)(Unit ukuran) Kilogram (kg), gram (g),

and miligram (mg)Newton (N)

(Alat pengukur) Neraca tuas, neraca dwialur, neraca tiga alur,neraca elektronik

Neraca spring dan neracamampatan


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DIFFERENCES Mass(jisim) Weight (berat)

Influence of

gravitationalforce

(pengaruhtarikan graviti)

Value

(nilai)

Unit ofmeasurement

(unit)

Measuringinstruments inthe laboratory

(alat)


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USE OF MEASURING

TOOLSMEASUREMENT

OF

LENGTH (PANJANG)

1 6 MEASURE OF LENGTH


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1.6 MEASURE OF LENGTH(Mengukur Panjang)

1. Length is the distance between twopoints (Panjang ialah jarak antara 2titik).

2. The S.I unit = metre (m).unit (SI

unit untuk panjang ialah meter(m).

3. Short lengths=JARAK PENDEKA. centimetres (cm) or millimetres

(mm). (Jarak pendek boleh disukat

dalam unit sentimeter(cm) ataumilimeter (mm).

4. Long distances = kilometres (km).Jarak panjang disukat dalam unitkilometer.

The relationshipbetween the unitsis as follows:

1 cm = 10 mm

1 m = 100cm

1 km = 1000m

TOOL FOR MEASURING LENGTH


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1. How to measure straight line (garis lurus)?

use metre ruler.

2. The Correct eye position to read the scale

B


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Extra input

The accuracy of a measurement can

be improved if the person doing the

measurement can avoid makingerrors.

The error caused by an incorrect eyeposition when taking a measurementis known as parallax error.


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3. How to measure long straight line?

By using measuring tape


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4. How to MEASURE CURVED LINE (garisanbengkok) ?

a. using thread (benang) and ruler,b. Opisometer (map)c. soft measuring tape

Opisometer (sukat jarak yang bengkang-bengkok


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Opisometer (sukat jarak yang bengkang bengkok

Exercise


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1. What is length?Length is the distance between two point.

2. Why should the average value (nilai purata) of a fewreadings be required?To get a result that is more precise

3. State two advantages of using a measuring tapea. can be used to measure a long straight lineb. Can measure length of curved line

4. State why the meter ruler is not suitable to measure:a. The length of a classroom Because the length of a classroom is too long/big

5 The thickness of a strand of hair


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5. The thickness of a strand of hair.because the thickness of a strand of hair is too

small/too thin

6. Suggest how you would measure the length of a riveron a map. By using opisometer and thread + ruler

7. The length of an object can be measure by using a

ruler or measuring tape.

8. The length of a curve line can be measured with theuse of thread and ruler/ opisometer


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Luas

Luas = panjang X lebar=5cm X 3 cm= 15 cm 2

Luas = (tapak X tinggi)= (7 cm X 3 cm)= (21 cm2)

= 10.5 cm2

7 cm (tapak)

3 cm (tinggi)

Panjang =5 cm

Lebar=3 cm


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The total surface covered by an object

Square centimetre / cm2

MEASUREMENT OF THE DIAMETER OF ANE ( k d k)


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OBJECT(mengukur diameter sesuatu objek)

A. Internal diametermeasure using internal calipers and ruler

B: External diameter measure using


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B: External diameter----measure using

external calipers and ruler

C: Diameter of a spherical object(diameter


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C: Diameter of a spherical object(diameterobjek berbentuk sfera boleh disukatdengan mengunakan):

(i) Two wooden blocks and a ruler(dua blokkayu)

(i) Two set squares and a ruler (

THE TICKNESS OF THE BEAKER IS Not


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THE TICKNESS OF THE BEAKER IS Notuniform (tidak seragam)

Thickness of beaker=

Test tube/measuring cylinder/burette

Measure the tickness of a hundred sheets ofpaper with external calipers and divide the valueyou obtained by 100.

Conclusion:

The external diameter and internal diameter of a

beaker can be measured by usingExternal calipers +ruler and internal calipers +

ruler

Vernier caliper


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p1. Vernier caliper can be used to measure small distances

accurately.

2. Vernier calipers are used for measuring short objects withaccuracy such as thickness of an eraser or used to measurethe internal and external diameters of objects such as aboiling tube, a measring cylinder, a test tube and themouth of a conecal flask.

3. The internal jaws are used to measure the internal diameterof a container. The external jaws are used to measure theexternal diameter of a container.

4. This instrument gives readings with an accuracy of up to

0.01cm.

5. The vernier calipers has two scales. The main scale isgraduated in centimetre units. The vernier scales, a scale of9 mm, has 10 divisions. One division is 0.9 mm.


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Vernier calipers

Sukatdiameterdalam bikar

Sukat diameterLuar bikar


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Micrometer screw gauge digunakan untuk menyukat jarak yang kecilseperti Ketebalan kertas, diameter dawai atau diameter rambut.

MEASUREMENT OF AREA


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1. Area is the total surface occupied by an object.(luaspermukaan yang diliputi oleh sesuatu objek).

2. Area is measure in square metres (m2), squarecentimetres (cm2) and square millimetres (mm2) unit.

(luas segi empat)


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Dikira dengan:Panjang X lebar

Luas=panjang X lebar4 cm x 3 cm

= 12 cm2

Luas=1/2 tapak X tinggi

=1/2 4 cm x 3 cm=1/2 x 12 cm2

= 6 cm2


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1. We use a measuring cylinder, burette or pipette tomeasure the volume of a liquid


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measure the volume of a liquid.

Cylinder pipette burette


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The apparatus show above are use to measureVolume of liquid

3 Two precautionary (langkah


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3.Two precautionary (langkahberjaga-jaga)

a.Place the measuring cylinder on aflat surface (letakkan measuring

cylinder di tempat yang rata)b.The eye must be on the same

level as the meniscus of the liquid(kedudukan mata mesti selarasdengan paras meniscus.

Measuring cylinder


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g y Water displacement method

Initial reading (bacaan awal)39 ml

Final reading (bacaan akhir)

46 mld)Calculate the volume of the lead

block:

Final reading-initial reading 46ml 39 ml = 7 ml

Th l d bl k h ld b l th


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a. The lead block should be place on theflat surface.

b. The reading has to be taken at eye level.

Measurement volume (isipadu) of liquids (cecair)


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Reading:taken above (atas) the curve ofthe meniscus. (atas meniskus)

reading :

taken below the curve (lengkuk)of the meniscus. (atasmeniskus)

Pengukuran ISIPADU PEPEJAL yang berbentuk tidak tetap.(kaedah penyesaran air)


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(kaedah penyesaran air)

This technique is call waterDisplacement Method.

Exercise


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Volume of copper lump:


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pp p

45 cm3 40 cm3=5 cm3

Volume of cork:

51 cm3

45 cm3

= 6 cm3

Sink (tenggelam)

Because cork does not sink in thewater.

V l f 50 3 40 3 10 3


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Volume of stone: 50 cm3-40 cm3=10 cm3

Volume of cork: 55 cm3- 50 cm3= 5 cm3

chapter 1 understanding science

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