chapter 1 vanloon

8/12/2019 Chapter 1 VanLoon

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Natural abundance

of elements inEarths crust

i. Early Earth History

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i. Early Earth History

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Ocean-Sediments

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ii. The beginnings of Life

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ii. The beginnings of Life

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iii. The Recent Earth

iv. Layers of the Atmosphere v. The Hydrogen Cycle

Evaporation, Condensation and Precipitation


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v. The Nitrogen Cycle

The movement of nitrogen between different groups of organisms and betweenthe different molecular types is known as the nitrogen cycle.

Plants use the inorganic nitrogen-containing ions nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium

(NH4+).

Animals can only use organic nitrogen i.e. nitrogen already incorporated intoorganic molecules.

Nitrogen is a component ofproteins and nucleic acidsand so a supply of nitrogen

is essential to all livingorganisms.

Nitrogen is available toliving things in a variety of

forms, the source used

depending on the species:

v. The Nitrogen Cycle

The movement of nitrogen between different groups of organisms and betweenthe different molecular types is known as the nitrogen cycle.

Some bacteria and fungi decompose dead organisms converting organicnitrogen to inorganic nitrogen in the process.

Some bacteria are able touse atmospheric nitrogen(N2 gas) as a nitrogensupply.

Other bacteria are involvedin the interconversion of theinorganic nitrogen ions;

ammonium, nitrite (NO2-)

and nitrate.

vi. The Natural Carbon Cycle

An exchange of carbonbetween atmosphere,vegetation and soils, andocean.

Most of the carbon iscontained in the ocean.

The exchanges tend tomaintain theconcentrations in theocean and atmospherein equilibrium,responding on atimescale of 100 years.


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There is also an exchange with carbon buried in carbonate rocks, withvolcanoes emitting carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

Also Sediments containing carbon being buried in the sea-floor. They only act

over much longer timescales.

www.metoffice.gov.uk/.../intro_global.html


The reservoir of carbon in theatmosphere increases by

only 3.5 GtC per year,because the rest is being

absorbed by the ocean andsoils.

At the present time, humansare emitting about 8 GtC peryear to the atmosphere.

The largest reservoir is the deep ocean, which contains close to 40,000 Gt C,compared to around 2,000 Gt C on land, 750 Gt C in the atmosphere and 1,000

Gt C in the upper ocean.


The atmosphere, biota,soils, and the upperocean are strongly linked.

The exchange of carbonbetween this fast-responding system and

the deep ocean takesmuch longer (severalhundred years).

An air pollutant is a substance found in air in greaterabundance than normally occurs naturally, and having oneor more harmful effects on human health or the

environment.

vii. Air Pollution

Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon

dioxide (CO2) are formed in varying

quantities when fossil fuels are burned.

Carbon monoxide replaces O2moleculesnormally bonded to Fe2+ ions in

hemoglobin in blood.

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viii. Photochemical Smog

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ix. Industrial Smog

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x. The Ozone Layer

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Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Ozone Destruction Process.

1. In the upper atmosphere,ozone molecules exist andCFC molecules areintroduced

2. In the upperatmosphere UV breaksoff a chlorine atomfrom a CFC molecule

3. The chlorine atomattacks an ozone

molecule, breaks itapart and thus destroysozone.

4. This break forms anordinary oxygenmolecule and a chlorinemonoxide molecule.

5. A free oxygen atomfrom the atmosphereattacks the chlorinemonoxide molecule,

releasing a freechlorine atom.

6. The free oxygen atomsfrom the atmosphere andthe oxygen atom from theformer chlorine monoxidemolecule combine to forman oxygen molecule.

7. The free chlorineatom from step 5 isnow available to repeatthe process ofdestroying more ozonemolecules for 100

years.

8. In addition, more

CFC molecules remainavailable for breakdownfrom UV radiation as in

Step 2.

Ozone Depletion occurring over the entire

Antarctic region in late winter/early spring,causing the Antarctic ";ozone hole" in

satellite observations of Antarctic ozone.

x. The Ozone Layer


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xi. CO2 and the Greenhouse Effect

xi. CO2 and the Greenhouse Effect

http://www.our-energy.com/slike/greenhouse_effect_big.jpg

Water commonly occurs as a liquid, the onlyprevalent naturally occurring liquid on Earthssurface.

Ice is less densethan the liquid; it expands when it freezes.

Water has a higher density than most other familiar liquids; hydrocarbonsand other organic compounds that are insoluble in water and less dense

than water float on its surface.

Water has a high heatcapacity and a high heat ofvaporization.

xii. Earths Natural Waters

Water is a basic necessity of life, not only for people but for every type of plantand animal as well. Water accounts for about 65% of our body weight. If we lost as

little as 12% of it, we would soon die.

xii. Substances Found in Natural Waters


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Hepatitis A is one of five human hepatitis viruses(hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E) that primarily infect the liverand cause illness.

It is spread through drinking water and contaminatedfood, at times threatens to reach epidemic proportions,

even in developed nations.

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xiv. Chemical Contamination


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xiv. Chemical Contamination

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OG 2008-China

6 months ago: A worker removes algae from an algae-filled lake in Guangzhou,

Guangdong province March 7, 2008. China's Premier Wen Jiabao vowed to focuson fighting inflation, pollution and misgovernment as the nation readies for a yearwhen it will be tested by the Olympic Games and global economic gloom. Picturetaken March 7, 2008.

xiv. Chemical Contamination and Eutrophication

. xiv. Chemical Contamination

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xv. Water Treatment


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xvi. Acid Water


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Acid rain, woods, Jizera Mountains, Czech Republic

commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Acid_rain_wo...

chapter 1 vanloon

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