chapter 1: what is psychology and what are its roots?
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY AND WHAT ARE ITS ROOTS?
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What is Psychology?
1. Psychology derives its roots from ancient Greek culture. It literally means “the study of the mind.”
2. According to modern day psychologists, the science of behavior and mental processes is called psychology.
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Greeks and Philosophy/Psychology 1. The Greek philosophers Socrates, Aristotle, and
Plato are credited with the inception of psychology.
2. These philosophers developed two practical theories concerning psychology:
a) Emotions can distort behavior.
b) And, our perceptions are merely interpretation of the external world.
3. The Greeks also developed some bizarre notions regarding psychology:
a) Emotions flow from the heart, liver, and spleen.
b) Mental disorders can be caused by excessive bile.
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History of Psych
4. When the medieval Roman Catholic Church ruled over Europe, they began to preach that the mind was an “unsolvable mystery.” It operates completely outside the natural laws that govern this world.
5. In the 17th century, French philosopher Rene Decartes asserted that emotional activity comes from your central nervous system, and this system is triggered by brain waves.
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Early Perspectives
Structuralism—viewpoint that looks to discover the basic structures of the mind and how they influence behavior.
• This idea was pursued by Wilhelm Wundt, and he built the first experimental psych lab.
• Wundt used the practice of introspection to study the elements of the conscious mind.
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Introspection – the process of reporting on one’s own inner conscious experience
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Introspection
Through introspection, subjects were given an experience and were required to report on his/her thoughts about it.
Most experiences analyzed were perceptual or sensory.
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Once you see the cube change, you won’t be able to prevent it shifting back and forth, seemingly at random.
TURN TO YOUR NEIGHBOR AND TRY TO EXPLAIN WHAT WILL HAPPEN WHEN THEY LOOK AT THE CUBE.
Your description will be an introspective report of your mental experience.
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Early Perspectives
Functionalism—took structuralism further in order to determine how consciousness could help us deal with problems of everyday life.
• John Dewey and William James pursued functionalism as a means to see how adaptive behavior can lead to mental disorders.
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Structuralism and Functionalism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW6n
m69Z_IE&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
1:11
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6 Major Psychological Perspectives1) Biological View
-inherit some behaviors from your parents-measure function of nervous and
endocrine (hormone) system-strong roots in medicine and biological
science-have discovered things such as how
damage to certain parts of the brain can destroy certain abilities
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6 Major Psychological Perspectives
2. Psychodynamic View
• Humans are largely motivated by our unconscious needs, desires, memories and conflicts
• Focuses more on treatment then research
• A big supporter of this viewpoint is Sigmund Freud
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6 Major Psychological Perspectives
3) Cognitive View-our actions are influenced by the way
process information from our environment
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6 Major Psychological Perspectives
4) Behavioral View• Measures people’s actions in terms of
direct observation
• They do not look to examine the inner reasons for actions but the effects of people, objects, and events on behavior
• Most strongly influenced by B.F. Skinner
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6 Major Psychological Perspectives
5) Humanistic View• Your actions are influenced by your self-
worth and need for growth and fulfillment
• Emphasizes the positive side of human behavior- human ability, growth and potential
• Led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
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6 Major Psychological Perspectives
6) Socio-Cultural• Emphasizes the importance of social
interactions, social learning, and cultural perspective
• Culture- blend of human language, beliefs, customs, values, traditions
• Why certain cultures have certain behaviors
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Psychodynamic
Past experiences (repressed experiences) impact our current experiences
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Cognitive
Cognitive and decision making process- Thinking….
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Behaviorism
Learn by watching others (modeling)
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Humanism
Need help to reach full potential
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Biology
Our knowledge of the brain and the influence of genetics on our behavior is small (like the pinky)
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Socio-Cultural
To understand others we must understand their cultural background
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How do Psychologist do their work? Psychologists use a process called
the scientific method in order to develop their knowledge of mental disorders and behaviors.
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Types of Research
Experimental: Research where the relationship between two
or more variables are being tested The experimenter deliberately manipulates
one condition (independent variable) to measure a change Manipulated OR Independent Variable- the
variable that is changed or tested in the experiment Responding OR Dependent Variable- the variable
that is the result of the manipulated or independent variable.
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Scientific Experiment
An exercise physiologist counsels his clients to exercise in the morning rather than at night to facilitate weight loss. Design an experiment to test whether this is the correct advice.
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Scientific Experiment
Do you need to define any terms for the experiment?
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Scientific Experiment
What is your independent variable?
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Scientific Experiment
What is your independent variable? Whether the client exercises in
the am or pm
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Scientific Experiment
What is your dependent variable?
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Scientific Experiment
What is your dependent variable? weight loss
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Scientific Experiment
How will you select and assign your subjects to a group?
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Scientific Experiment
How will you select and assign your subjects to a group? Gender Age Current weight Body fat composition
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Scientific Experiment
What treatment will the experimental group be given?
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Scientific Experiment
What treatment will the experimental group be given? exercise in the am
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Scientific Experiment
What treatment will the control group be given?
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Scientific Experiment
What treatment will the control group be given? Workout anytime throughout the
day
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Scientific Experiment
What controls will you use in your experiment?
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Scientific Experiment
What controls will you use in your experiment? The group of people in the
experiment Weighing participants at the same
time everyday
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Scientific Experiment
Is there anything you should control but aren’t sure how?
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Scientific Experiment
Is there anything you should control but aren’t sure how? Diet of participants What workouts they are doing How much sleep participants get
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Types of Research
Correlation Studies Examiner studies
relationship between multiple variables without specifically manipulating variable
They assess if there is a “correlation” between variables
Ex: The more TV you watch decreases your life span
Problems?
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Types of Research
Surveys: Used within correlation
studies People are asked their
attitudes, thoughts, beliefs, and are supposed to reflect the larger population
Ex: Voting surveys Problems?
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Types of Research
Naturalistic Observation: Form of correlation
research Involves behavioral
assessment of people or animals in their home surroundings
EX: Jane Goodall – Chimpanzee culture
Problems?
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Types of Research
Case Studies: An intensive investigation of an
individual or small group Often include psychological testing EX: Mass homicide/Terrorism Problems?