chapter 10
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PSYCHOLOGY 110-02General Psychology
University of Southern Mississippi
Department of Psychology
Dr. David J. Echevarria, PhD
Spring 2008
www.usm.edu/neurolab
Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion
EXAM RESULTS ARE POSTED
• www.usm.edu/neurolab
• Class average is 81.8
• 12 students score 100 or above!!!
Experimetrix
• According to the Syllabus there are opportunities to earn 10 extra credit point that will be added to your final grade
• Minute quizzes (.5 for each correct, and I will count your best 10)
• Experimetrix: participating as a subject in an experiment (PSY 110-02)
• https://experimetrix2.com/usm/
• See instruction in your textbook
Reaction Paper due this Friday
• Motivation: (I will take up to 3 pages)• What are the key components according to
the textbook?• How do they related to your life?• What motivates you?• How is learning involved?• When have you been very motivated? Why?• When have you been unmotivated? Why?
Motivational Theories and Concepts
• Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior
• Drive theories – seeking homeostasis• Incentive theories – regulation by external
stimuli• Evolutionary theories – maximizing
reproductive success
The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors
• Brain regulation– Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus– Paraventricular nucleus
• Glucose and digestive regulation– Glucostatic theory
• Hormonal regulation– Insulin and leptin
The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors
• Learned preferences and habits– Exposure– When, as well as what
• Food-related cues– Appearance, odor, effort required
• Stress – Link between heightened arousal/negative
emotion and overeating
Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity
• Evolutionary explanations• Genetic predisposition
– Body Mass Index and adoption study• The concept of set point/settling point• Dietary restraint
Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire
• Hormonal regulation– Estrogens– Androgens– Testosterone
• Pheromones– Synchronized menstrual cycles
Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire
• Aphrodisiacs– Oysters, Yohimbine, Chocolate
• Erotic materials– Usually the first in any new media– Development of fetishes and classical
conditioning
Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire
• Attraction to a Partner– What are the characteristics?
• The Coolidge effect– What would be the purpose
• Evolutionary factors – How have these things evolved?
The Mystery of Sexual Orientation
• Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual– A continuum– Like most other things in life it makes no
sense to look at things in an extreme sense
– Most things are not clearly cut or “black and white”, most times there is a gray area
– Consider the “metro-sexual” and the experimentation often associated with college
The Mystery of Sexual Orientation
• Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual– A continuum
• Theories explaining homosexuality– Environmental (support/acceptance)– Biological (twin studies)– Interactionist (both)
The Human Sexual Response
• Masters and Johnson – 1966• Stages:
– Excitement– Plateau– Orgasm– Resolution
Achievement Motivation
• Achievement motive = need to excel– Work harder and more persistently– Delay gratification– Pursue competitive careers– Situational influences on achievement
motives– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The Elements of Emotional Experience
• Cognitive component– Subjective conscious experience– Positive psychology
• Physiological component – Bodily (autonomic) arousal
• Behavioral component – Characteristic overt expressions
Figure 10.22 Cross-cultural comparisons of people’s ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions
Theories of Emotion
• James-Lange– Feel afraid because pulse is racing
• Cannon-Bard– Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to
the cortex and the autonomic nervous system
• Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory– Look to external cues to decide what to
feel• Evolutionary Theories
– Innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation
Happiness
• Common sense notions incorrect– Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and
attractiveness largely uncorrelated– Physical health, good social relationships,
religious faith, and culture modestly correlated
– Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and personality strongly correlated
• Subjective rather than objective reality important