Chapter 10Chapter 10

A Blending of CulturesA Blending of Cultures

Mexico:Mexico:Colonialism and IndependenceColonialism and Independence

Spanish Conquest The native way of life was destroyedThe native way of life was destroyed In 1519, Hernando Cortes marched into

Tenochtitlan or present day Mexico City and conquered the Aztec people living there

Mexico became part of the Spanish EmpireMexico became part of the Spanish Empire Independence from Spain

Achieved independence from Spain under Agustin de Iturbide in 1821.

Colonialism and IndependenceColonialism and Independence Pre-Mexican RevolutionPre-Mexican Revolution

Land continues to be unequally distributedLand continues to be unequally distributed A few rich landowners owned haciendas A few rich landowners owned haciendas

(estates or ranches ) which were worked by (estates or ranches ) which were worked by peasantspeasants

Corrupt Politicians ruled until the Mexican Corrupt Politicians ruled until the Mexican RevolutionRevolution

Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution Occurred in 1917, led by Pancho VillaOccurred in 1917, led by Pancho Villa A new constitution was adopted and nearly A new constitution was adopted and nearly

half of Mexico’s farmland was redistributed half of Mexico’s farmland was redistributed to peasantsto peasants

Colonialism and IndependenceColonialism and Independence One-Party Rule - Institutional Revolutionary One-Party Rule - Institutional Revolutionary

Party arose in 1929Party arose in 1929 Introduced DemocracyIntroduced Democracy Made some reforms and continued Made some reforms and continued

redistributing land to peasantsredistributing land to peasants Fraud and corruption undermined the Fraud and corruption undermined the

Democratic processDemocratic process National Action PartyNational Action Party

In 2000, Vicente Fox was elected presidentIn 2000, Vicente Fox was elected president 11stst time in 71 years, the PRI did not control time in 71 years, the PRI did not control

Mexico’s congress or presidencyMexico’s congress or presidency

A Meeting of CulturesA Meeting of Cultures The AztecsThe Aztecs

The Aztec Empire in the Valley of MexicoThe Aztec Empire in the Valley of Mexico Arrived in the valley around A.D. 1200Arrived in the valley around A.D. 1200 Tenochtitlan was capital where they practiced Tenochtitlan was capital where they practiced

human sacrifice in their templeshuman sacrifice in their temples The SpanishThe Spanish

Cortes destroyed most of Tenochtitlan and Cortes destroyed most of Tenochtitlan and Spaniards built Mexico City on top of the ruinsSpaniards built Mexico City on top of the ruins

Ancient Aztec ruins and relics keep turning up Ancient Aztec ruins and relics keep turning up as modern projects in Mexico City are builtas modern projects in Mexico City are built

A Meeting of CulturesA Meeting of Cultures Spanish & Native American CultureSpanish & Native American Culture

Spain brought its language and religion to Spain brought its language and religion to this region creating a majority Catholic this region creating a majority Catholic populationpopulation

Spanish elements, such as architecture, Spanish elements, such as architecture, blended with native elementsblended with native elements

Native heritage remains strongNative heritage remains strong There is a large mestizo population ( the There is a large mestizo population ( the

mixing of Spanish & Native American mixing of Spanish & Native American heritage )heritage )

Painters, like some architects, blended Painters, like some architects, blended Native American and Spanish influencesNative American and Spanish influences

Economics: Cities and FactoriesEconomics: Cities and Factories Two Economic ChallengesTwo Economic Challenges

Closing a long-standing gap between the Closing a long-standing gap between the rich and poorrich and poor

Developing a modern industrial economyDeveloping a modern industrial economy Population and the CitiesPopulation and the Cities

Populations are increasing as citizens are Populations are increasing as citizens are moving into cities for job opportunitiesmoving into cities for job opportunities

Economics: Cities and FactoriesEconomics: Cities and Factories OilOil

Oil reserves along the coast of the Gulf of Oil reserves along the coast of the Gulf of MexicoMexico

Oil industry is an important part of developing Oil industry is an important part of developing its industrial economyits industrial economy

Profits have helped develop manufacturing Profits have helped develop manufacturing industriesindustries

ManufacturingManufacturing Most new factories are located in the NorthMost new factories are located in the North Maquiladoras assemble imported materials Maquiladoras assemble imported materials

into finished products for exportinginto finished products for exporting NAFTA – North American Free Trade NAFTA – North American Free Trade

AgreementAgreement

Mexican Life TodayMexican Life Today EmigrationEmigration

Many workers (thousands) leave Mexico and Many workers (thousands) leave Mexico and travel to the U.S. to find worktravel to the U.S. to find work

These emigrants send money back home to These emigrants send money back home to familiesfamilies

Major problem in MexicoMajor problem in Mexico SchoolSchool

About 85% of school-age children attend About 85% of school-age children attend schoolschool

Education is a necessity for finding good jobsEducation is a necessity for finding good jobs Gov’t is trying to improve education to Gov’t is trying to improve education to

improve their populations way of lifeimprove their populations way of life

Mexican Life TodayMexican Life Today

JobsJobs Most jobs in Mexico today are found in Most jobs in Mexico today are found in

Maquiladoras or factoriesMaquiladoras or factories CitiesCities

Many people are moving into the cities Many people are moving into the cities to find better employment opportunitiesto find better employment opportunities

Central America and the CaribbeanCentral America and the Caribbean

Central America – Land Bridge between Central America – Land Bridge between North and South AmericaNorth and South America Native people include Mayas and AztecsNative people include Mayas and Aztecs Spanish settlers and people from Africa Spanish settlers and people from Africa

have influenced the culturehave influenced the culture Spain and Britian were colonial powersSpain and Britian were colonial powers Catholicism was major religionCatholicism was major religion Spanish is main languageSpanish is main language

Central America and the CaribbeanCentral America and the Caribbean CaribbeanCaribbean

Native people were the TainoNative people were the Taino Africans, Spanish, French, British, Dutch, and Africans, Spanish, French, British, Dutch, and

Danish groups have all influenced the culture of Danish groups have all influenced the culture of this regionthis region

Colonial powers included Spain, Britain, Colonial powers included Spain, Britain, France, Netherlands, and DenmarkFrance, Netherlands, and Denmark

Major religions include Catholicism, Major religions include Catholicism, Protestantism, Santeria, Voodoo, and Protestantism, Santeria, Voodoo, and RastafarianismRastafarianism

Major languages include Spanish, French, Major languages include Spanish, French, English, Dutch, and DanishEnglish, Dutch, and Danish

Native and Colonial Central AmericaNative and Colonial Central America

Central America – A Cultural HearthCentral America – A Cultural Hearth A heartland or place of origin of a major A heartland or place of origin of a major

cultureculture Mayan InfluenceMayan Influence

Civilization stretched from southern Mexico Civilization stretched from southern Mexico into northern Central Americainto northern Central America

Built many cities with temples and palacesBuilt many cities with temples and palaces Tikal, northern Guatemala, considered the Tikal, northern Guatemala, considered the

center of Mayan civilizationcenter of Mayan civilization

Native and Colonial Central AmericaNative and Colonial Central America The Spanish in Central AmericaThe Spanish in Central America

Spain ruled Central America until the 19Spain ruled Central America until the 19 thth Century Century Mexico declared its independence from Spain in 1821Mexico declared its independence from Spain in 1821 In 1823, Central America declared its independence In 1823, Central America declared its independence

from Spain and took the name “United Provinces of from Spain and took the name “United Provinces of Central America”Central America”

By late 1830’s, United Provinces had split into By late 1830’s, United Provinces had split into separate nationsseparate nations

These nations became El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa These nations became El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and HondurasRica, Guatemala, and Honduras

Later, Panama broke off from Colombia and became Later, Panama broke off from Colombia and became independentindependent

Belize broke away from British HondurasBelize broke away from British Honduras

Native and Colonial CaribbeanNative and Colonial Caribbean Caribbean InfluencesCaribbean Influences

Columbus reached the Caribbean Islands in 1492Columbus reached the Caribbean Islands in 1492 Inhabitants called themselves the TainoInhabitants called themselves the Taino Spanish settled some islands and established sugar Spanish settled some islands and established sugar

plantationsplantations After many natives died from diseases, African After many natives died from diseases, African

slaves were used as a replacement for forced laborslaves were used as a replacement for forced labor The result is Africans have a lasting influence on The result is Africans have a lasting influence on

Caribbean life and cultureCaribbean life and culture

Native and Colonial CaribbeanNative and Colonial Caribbean Colonial MosaicColonial Mosaic

Spanish, French, British, Dutch, and Danish all Spanish, French, British, Dutch, and Danish all claimed islands in the Caribbeanclaimed islands in the Caribbean

Wanted to profit from the sugar tradeWanted to profit from the sugar trade Caribbean IndependenceCaribbean Independence

In the 1790’s, Toussaint L’Ouverture led a slave In the 1790’s, Toussaint L’Ouverture led a slave revolt in Haiti and took over the governmentrevolt in Haiti and took over the government

Haiti achieved independence from France by 1804Haiti achieved independence from France by 1804 Cuba achieved independence from Spain in 1898Cuba achieved independence from Spain in 1898 After U.S. occupation, the island became self After U.S. occupation, the island became self

governing in 1902.governing in 1902. Jamaica, Trinidad, & Tobago did not achieve full Jamaica, Trinidad, & Tobago did not achieve full

independence from Great Britain until 1962independence from Great Britain until 1962

Cultural BlendsCultural Blends The Culture of Central AmericaThe Culture of Central America

Two distinct cultures – Native American & SpanishTwo distinct cultures – Native American & Spanish Spanish Language, Catholic Religion, some Protestant Spanish Language, Catholic Religion, some Protestant

MissionariesMissionaries Cut down forests, opened up land for grazing livestock, Cut down forests, opened up land for grazing livestock,

& new crops such as wheat& new crops such as wheat The Culture of the CaribbeanThe Culture of the Caribbean

Residents of Islands are of European, African, & Native Residents of Islands are of European, African, & Native American ancestryAmerican ancestry

Religions, languages, village life, markets, & crops have Religions, languages, village life, markets, & crops have all been influenced by these three groupsall been influenced by these three groups

Economics: Jobs and PeopleEconomics: Jobs and People Farming and TradeFarming and Trade

Largest export crop is sugar caneLargest export crop is sugar cane Other important crops are bananas, citrus Other important crops are bananas, citrus

fruits, coffee, & spicesfruits, coffee, & spices Caribbean & Central American region are Caribbean & Central American region are

very poorvery poor Panama CanalPanama Canal

Canal that cuts through PanamaCanal that cuts through Panama Links the hemispheresLinks the hemispheres Makes Panama a crossroads for world Makes Panama a crossroads for world

tradetrade

Popular Culture, Tourism, & JobsPopular Culture, Tourism, & Jobs Music of the CaribbeanMusic of the Caribbean

Calypso – Calypso – Began in Trinidad & combines Began in Trinidad & combines elements from Africa, Spain, and the U.S.elements from Africa, Spain, and the U.S.

Reggae – Reggae – Began in Jamaica, combines Began in Jamaica, combines Caribbean, African, and U.S. influences, and Caribbean, African, and U.S. influences, and often focuses on religion and social problemsoften focuses on religion and social problems

Tourism and the Informal EconomyTourism and the Informal Economy Tourism provides locals with jobsTourism provides locals with jobs Informal jobs include street vending, shining Informal jobs include street vending, shining

shoes, & other jobs which provide incomeshoes, & other jobs which provide income

Spanish Speaking South AmericaSpanish Speaking South America HistoryHistory

Native people dominated, but their language, Native people dominated, but their language, Quechua, remainsQuechua, remains

Many aspects of Spanish culture surviveMany aspects of Spanish culture survive Spanish LanguageSpanish Language Catholic ReligionCatholic Religion

Independence Movements brought liberation, Independence Movements brought liberation, but not ability to work together toward common but not ability to work together toward common goalsgoals

Government by the few characterize many Government by the few characterize many countries of South Americacountries of South America

Spanish Speaking South AmericaSpanish Speaking South America EconomicsEconomics

Subregion produces a wide variety of productsSubregion produces a wide variety of products Oil is most important economic assetOil is most important economic asset Chile has been leader in economic success and Chile has been leader in economic success and

cooperation in the regioncooperation in the region EducationEducation

Most countries have high rates of education Most countries have high rates of education and literacyand literacy

Chile has an especially high rate of literacyChile has an especially high rate of literacy

Conquest & the End of Spanish RuleConquest & the End of Spanish Rule The IncaThe Inca

Located in rugged Andes Mountains of PeruLocated in rugged Andes Mountains of Peru Build an advanced civilizationBuild an advanced civilization By 1500, Inca empire stretched 2500 miles along west By 1500, Inca empire stretched 2500 miles along west

coast of South Americacoast of South America Ran from present-day Ecuador to ArgentinaRan from present-day Ecuador to Argentina Empire was linked by 20,000 miles of roadEmpire was linked by 20,000 miles of road

The Spanish ConquestThe Spanish Conquest Conquered by Pizarro and his soldiersConquered by Pizarro and his soldiers Primarily interested in Inca gold and silverPrimarily interested in Inca gold and silver

Climate and VegetationClimate and Vegetation

Climate Zones range from hot and Climate Zones range from hot and humid Amazon River basin to dry humid Amazon River basin to dry and desert-like conditions of northern and desert-like conditions of northern MexicoMexico

2 million sq mi covered by Amazon 2 million sq mi covered by Amazon rain forestrain forest

SavannasSavannas Found in Brazil, Colombia, & ArgentinaFound in Brazil, Colombia, & Argentina

Human Environment InteractionHuman Environment Interaction Terraced Farming-Terraced Farming- ancient technique ancient technique

for growing crops on hillsides or for growing crops on hillsides or mountain slopesmountain slopes

Slash and burn-Slash and burn- trees, brush, and trees, brush, and grasses cut and burned to clear fields.grasses cut and burned to clear fields. Effective in humid and tropical areasEffective in humid and tropical areas

Amazon River basinAmazon River basin

Human Environment InteractionHuman Environment Interaction

Argentina, Chile, UruguayArgentina, Chile, Uruguay 3 most urbanized countries3 most urbanized countries

People are moving from rural areas People are moving from rural areas into citiesinto cities In search off jobs and a better lifeIn search off jobs and a better life Push/pull factorsPush/pull factors

Human Environment InteractionHuman Environment Interaction

TourismTourism + increased employment+ increased employment + more money introduced into local + more money introduced into local

economyeconomy - congestion- congestion - pollution- pollution