chapter 10: motivation and emotion essentials of psychology, by saul kassin ©2004 prentice hall...

CHAPTER 10:Motivation and Emotion

Essentials of Psychology, by Saul Kassin

©2004 Prentice Hall Publishing

Motivation and EmotionMotivation and Emotion

Motivation

What Motivates Us?

Basic Human Motives

Social Motives

Emotion

The Physiological Component

The Expressive Component

The Cognitive Componet

Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together

Kassin, Essentials of Psychology - ©2004 Prentice Hall Publishing

What Motivates Us?What Motivates Us? General Theories of MotivationGeneral Theories of Motivation

• Drive Theory– The notion that physiological needs arouse tension

that motivates action

• Arousal Theory– The notion that motivation comes from a need to

achieve and maintain an optimum level of arousal

• Incentive Theory– The notion that we behave in ways that produce a

valued inducement


What Motivates Us?What Motivates Us?The Pyramid of Human MotivationsThe Pyramid of Human Motivations

• Heirarchy of Needs– Maslow’s list of basic

needs that have to be satisfied before people can become self-actualized

• Low-level needs must be met before trying to satisfy higher-level needs

• Self-actualization is to fulfill one’s potential

Maslow's Pyramid of NeedsMaslow's Pyramid of Needs


Basic Human Motives Basic Human Motives Hunger and EatingHunger and Eating

• Participants swallowed a balloon to record stomach contractions and pushed button to report hunger feelings.

• Hunger feelings came at peak of contractions.

• This theory has been discredited.

• Stomach contractions do not cause hunger.

Cannon and Washburn's Hunger ExperimentCannon and Washburn's Hunger Experiment



• When blood glucose is low, people become hungry.• Food raises glucose, reduces hunger and eating.

The Hunger-Regulation CycleThe Hunger-Regulation Cycle


Basic Human MotivesBasic Human MotivesHunger and EatingHunger and Eating

– The state of having a surplus of body fat that causes a person to exceed his or her optimum weight by 20 percent

• According to U.S. health trends, 1983-2002, Americans are increasingly overweight.

• However, Americans are more health conscious in other areas. U.S. Health Trends, 1983-2002

ObesityObesity



• Identical twins are more similar in body weight than are fraternal twins.

• Genetic factors play a large role in body weight.

Body Weights of TwinsBody Weights of Twins


Basic Human MotivesBasic Human MotivesHunger and Eating: Eating DisordersHunger and Eating: Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa– An eating disorder in which the person,

usually an adolescent girl or young woman, limits her eating and becomes emaciated

• Bulimia Nervosa– An eating disorder that is marked by cycles

of binge eating followed by purging– This disorder is twice as common as anorexia


Basic Human MotivesBasic Human MotivesSexual MotivationSexual Motivation

• Surveys of Sexual Practices– Men and women respond differently to surveys about their

sexual motivations. • Men report more sexual permissiveness and promiscuity

• The Evolution of Desire– Evolutionary psychology offers an explanation for gender

differences in sexual motivation. – Others adopt a more psychological versus biological

approach when explaining these differences.– It is difficult to differentiate between the influences of

evolution and those of culture.


Social Motives Social Motives Belongingness MotivesBelongingness Motives

• Need for Affiliation– Desire to establish and maintain social

contacts

• Need for Intimacy– Desire for close relationships characterized by

open and intimate communication

• Self-Disclosure– Sharing of intimate details about oneself to

another person


Social Motives Social Motives Esteem MotivesEsteem Motives

• Achievement Motivation– A strong desire to accomplish difficult tasks,

outperform others, and excel– People who score high in the need for

achievement work harder and are more persistent, innovative, and future-oriented.

– They also set challenging but realistic goals. – And, they are more interested in mastering a task

than they are afraid of failing at it.


EmotionEmotion

The Physiological Component

The Expressive Component

The Cognitive Component

Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together


EmotionEmotionThree Components of EmotionThree Components of Emotion

EmotionEmotionA feeling state characterized by physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and a cognitive interpretation.


The Physiological Component The Physiological Component A Historical PerspectiveA Historical Perspective

• Emotion arises from physiological arousal– Happiness comes from

smiling– Sadness comes from

crying

James-Lange Theory of EmotionJames-Lange Theory of Emotion


The Physiological Component The Physiological Component A Historical PerspectiveA Historical Perspective

• Emotion originates in the thalamus

• “Body” (physiological systems) and “Mind” (emotional experience) are independently activated at the same time.

Cannon-Bard Theory of EmotionCannon-Bard Theory of Emotion


The Physiological Component The Physiological Component Brain Centers of EmotionBrain Centers of Emotion

• Limbic System

– This system, which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala regulates emotion.

• The amygdala is highly involved in fear responses

• Cerebral Cortex

– No single region of the cortex regulates all human emotions.


The Physiological Component The Physiological Component Generalized Autonomic ArousalGeneralized Autonomic Arousal

“Fight or Flight”

Restore Calm

The Autonomic Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous System


The Expressive Component The Expressive Component Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

How Well do People Identify Emotions?How Well do People Identify Emotions?


The Expressive Component The Expressive Component Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

– An electronic instrument used by emotion researchers to record activity in the facial muscles

• Electrodes placed on the face record activity in various muscles.– Positive emotions increase activity

in cheeks.

– Negative emotions increase activity in forehead and brow areas.

The Facial Electromyograph EMGThe Facial Electromyograph EMG


The Expressive Component The Expressive Component Sensory FeedbackSensory Feedback

• Facial-Feedback Hypothesis– The hypothesis that changes in facial

expression can produce corresponding changes in emotion

– Zajonc, et al. had subjects repeat vowel sounds.– Making some sounds - “ah” and “e” - caused

smiling and elevated mood.– Making other sounds - “u” and “ü” - caused

frowning and lowered mood.


The Cognitive Component The Cognitive Component Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of EmotionSchachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

• Physiological arousal– Sweaty palms

– Increased heart rate

– Rapid breathing

• Cognitive Label– Attribute source of arousal

to a cause.

• To have an emotion, both factors are required.


The Cognitive Component The Cognitive Component Counterfactual ThinkingCounterfactual Thinking

– Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but did not

– Wondering “What if…?”

– More likely in response to negative events

– More likely when one is close to the other outcome (e.g., a lottery ticket with 4/5 winning numbers, a silver medalist, etc.)


The Cognitive Component The Cognitive Component Is Cognition Necessary?Is Cognition Necessary?

• Sensation of threat can reach the amygdala via direct path from thalamus

– The fast “low road”

• Sensation of threat also travels from the thalamus to the cortex

– The slow “high road”

• Cortical judgment can override direct path

Pathway of Fear Without “Thought”Pathway of Fear Without “Thought”


The Cognitive Component The Cognitive Component Can People Predict Their Emotional States?Can People Predict Their Emotional States?

• Affective Forecasting– The process by which people predict how

they would feel in the future, after various positive and negative events

– People have difficulty predicting their emotions in response to future events.

– People overestimate the duration of their emotional reactions (durability bias).


Human Emotion: Human Emotion: Putting the Pieces Together Putting the Pieces Together

• Which emotions are universal, felt in all cultures?– Fear, anger, joy, disgust,

surprise, and sadness

• Russell identified two main dimensions of emotion.

• Emotions can be sorted according to these dimensions in several cultures.

Russell's Circumplex ModelRussell's Circumplex Model



• Are There Cultural Differences in Emotion?– Some aspects of emotion seem universal.– However, cultures affect the categorization of

emotions and the display rules that govern when and where emotions can be expressed.



• Pleasure and the Pursuit of Happiness– Three predictive indicators of happiness are:

• Social relationships• Employment• Physical health



• Over a 40-year period, Americans became over twice as wealthy, but no happier.

National Wealth and Subjective Well-Being National Wealth and Subjective Well-Being



• Pleasure and the Pursuit of Happiness– Does Money Buy Happiness?

• After basic needs are met, increased wealth does not result in a significant rise in levels of happiness.

• One explanation is that people have a set baseline level of happiness toward which they gravitate.

– Identical twins are more similar in levels of happiness compared to fraternal twins.

– Happiness levels seem to be relatively stable over time and situations.


chapter 10: motivation and emotion essentials of psychology, by saul kassin ©2004 prentice hall...

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