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Volcano Facts• There are 224 volcanoes located in the continental United States and Alaska. About half of them • are located in Alaska alone. • Indonesia has the most active volcanoes on Earth with 130.• The ash cloud from a volcanic eruption can produce lightning. Collisions between the rapidly moving • ash particles produce electric charges, which build up until they discharge to form a lightning bolt. • The most active volcano in the United States is Kilauea (pronounced kee­low­AY­ah) on the island • of Hawaii. Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since 1983. • Stromboli, an island of Italy, has been erupting almost continuously with relatively • small explosions and occasional bigger explosions and lava flows for the last 2,000 years. • The first volcanic eruption ever to be described in detail was that of Mount Vesuvius, which • erupted in 79 C.E. and buried the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. It was witnessed from a distance of 18 miles (29 kilometers) away. • Volcanologists estimate that fifteen to twenty volcanoes are erupting around the world at any • given moment. • The 1883 eruption of Krakatau in Indonesia created a tsunami (pronounced tsoo­NAH­mee; a series • of great ocean waves caused by a large displacement of water) greater than 115 feet (35 meters) • in height that drowned an estimated 36,000 people. The volcanic explosion was heard almost • 3,000 miles (4,827 kilometers) away. • The most common elements in materials erupted by volcanoes are silicon, oxygen, magnesium, iron,• aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium, titanium, phosphorous, carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur. • The fastest recorded speed of a lava flow was about 37 miles (60 kilometers) per hour at • Nyiragongo volcano in Zaire. • The temperature of basalt, the hottest type of lava, can reach almost 2,150°F (1,200°C). • Tambora eruption in Indonesia was the largest in the last 200 years. This killed 10,000 people.• The ash covered so much land that farmland was devasted; disease and famine killed 80,000 more• people. During this eruption, so much ash was thrown into the atmosphere that weather patterns• were affected worldwide. 1816 was known as the year without summer and it snowed in New• England in July.•

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Chapter 10 ­ Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity

Section 10.1 ­ Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics

ObjectivesHow does magma form?What is the relationship between plate boundaries and volcanic

activity?

Draw and label a volcano. Try to recall any familiar words about the structure of a volcano.

Volcanomountain that is formed of lava and/or pyroclastic material

Magmamolten (melted rock) under the Earth’s surface contains partially melted minerals, gases, and waterforms in the crust and upper mantlemagma formation depends on heat, pressure, and water content

Heathot enough to partially melt rockfinishes melting by friction

Pressurepressure increases with depth and vice versaDecompression melting ­ rocks rise and melt, less dense

Water Contenthelps to lower the temperature that rocks melt

Lavamolten (melted rock) on the Earth’s surface

Volcanism

Volcanic Activity

Divergent Boundary Volcanism

Mantle rises

Convergent Boundary Volcanism

Slab sinks melts

Magma travels upward due to density

Mountains form

Continental Volcanic Arc

Volcanic Island Arc

Ring of Fire

long belt of volcanoes round the Pacific Ocean

Intraplate Volcanism

Volcanic activity that occurs within a plate

Hot Spot

an area where magma is formed within a plate

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfqJZmb3pG4

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Lesson 10.2

Key QuestionsWhat determines the type of volcanic eruption?What materials are ejected from volcanoes?What are the three main types of volcanoes?What other landforms are associated with eruptions?

Explosive vs Nonexplosive Eruptions Volcanoesamount of dissolved gases in magmacharacteristics of magma (viscosity)

Viscosityresistance to flowdetermined by temp and compositionhow thick, runny, stickythicker magma = slow = high viscositythinner = fast = low viscosity

Explosivehigh silicagases become trapped ­ pressure increases

bubbles increase in sizewater vapor and carbon dioxide released

Nonexplosiveless silicagases can easily escaped so no pressure

What comes out of a volcano?Lavamolten (melted rock) on the Earth’s surfaceTypes of Lava

Aa Pahoehoe

Pillow lava Blocky lava

Pyroclastic MaterialAnother name for a cloud of ash, lava fragments carried

through the air, and vapor. Magma that is thrown from a volcano and hardensVery hot, and moves fast 4 Types of Pyroclastic materialVolcanic Bombs Lapilli

Volcanic Ash Volcanic Blocks

AnatomyVent ­ opening in volcano,

which follow volcanoCrater ­ opening at summit

of volcanoMagma Chamber ­ magma that

has collected below thesurface

Forms of VolcanoesShield

caused by quiet eruptionslava spreads out in layersmost on ocean floorHawaiian Islands

Cinder Coneexplosive eruptionslava cools and hardens to different sizes called tephrafalls around the ventpyroclastic materialusually only explode

once

Composite (Stratovolcanoes)explosive eruptions and quietmay release just gas and ash to form a layer and

then a layer of pyroclastic material Mount Saint Helens

Landforms ­ 292­293Caldera ­ large semicircular depression that forms when

the chamber empties and the roof collapses

Volcanic Neck ­ an eroded pipe where the magmahardened

Lava plateau ­ forms from repeated nonexplosive eruptions that spread over a large area

Lahar ­ water­soaked volcanic ash and rock slide rapidlydownhill

Classification of VolcanoesExtinct volcanoes

have not erupted in record history and probably will nevererupt

Dormant volcanoescurrently not erupting, may erupt again

Active volcanoescurrently erupting and show signs of erupting in the future

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Lesson 10.3

While you are waiting for me, please read pages 298­299.How Earth Works!

Key QuestionsWhat are the different types of plutons, and how are they

classified?What is a batholith?

Plutonsform in continental crust

Types of PlutonsSills

magma moves between parallel layersDike

magma that cuts across rock layersLaccolith

magma pushes upward on rocks above itBatholith

must be 100 squared kmcollected magma as it risescan rise to become mountains above ground

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Volcano Project

This project will involve researching a variety of topics regarding volcanoes. The student will demonstrate his/her understanding by creating a 3­D model AND a display board of information.

Part 1. Directions1. Construct a 3­D volcano demonstrating the concept of the

structure of a volcano.2. Include all of the features listed in the checklist below.3. It will not need to explode as part of the demonstration.

1. Constructed a 3­D model of a volcano. Choose one of the 3 types.

2. Included required features (labeled) crater magma chamberventvolcanic neckplutons

dikesillbatholithslaccoliths

3. Model Colorful Meticulous Accurate

Part 2. Directions

1. Create a display board of information.2. Include information regarding the topics provided.

1. Created a display board on volcano information. 2. Included required features

What is a volcano? What are the forms or shapes of volcanoes? Where do volcanoes occur?What causes a volcano to have an eruption?What are the types of eruptions?What are the forms of material released from a volcano?

3. Visual/Model Colorful Meticulous Accurate Organized 4. Reflection (Typed)

What did you like about your volcano?What would you do differently?What can we do to make this project better?

5. Bibliography Must have at least three different sources Documented in the correct form Use easybib.com

Total Points (285) = _____