chapter 10. photosynthesis: life from light
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Chapter 10. Photosynthesis: Life from Light. Energy needs of life. All life needs a constant input of energy Heterotrophs get their energy from “eating others” consumers of other organisms consume organic molecules Autotrophs get their energy from “self” get their energy from sunlight - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Adapted from: Kim FogliaAP Biology
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Adapted from: Kim FogliaAP Biology
Chapter 10.Photosynthesis: Life from Light
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AP Biology
Energy needs of life All life needs a constant input of energy
Heterotrophs get their energy from “eating others” consumers of other organisms consume organic molecules
Autotrophs get their energy from “self” get their energy from sunlight use light energy to synthesize organic
molecules
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AP Biology
Energy needs of life Heterotrophs
consumers animals fungi most bacteria
Autotrophs producers plants photosynthetic bacteria
(blue-green algae)
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AP Biology
How are they connected?
glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energydioxide
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP+ + +
Heterotrophs
+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light
energy + ++
Autotrophsmaking energy & organic molecules from light energy
making energy & organic molecules from ingesting organic molecules
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AP Biology
Energy cycle
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
glucose O2H2OCO2
ATP
sun
The Great Circleof Life!
Where’s Mufasa?
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AP Biology
What does it mean to be a plant Need to…
collect light energy transform it into chemical energy
store light energy in a stable form to be moved around the plant
& also saved for a rainy day need to get building block atoms from
the environment C,H,O,N,P,S
produce all organic molecules needed for growth carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
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AP Biology
Plant structure Obtaining raw materials
sunlight leaves = solar collectors
CO2
stomates = gas exchange
H2O uptake from roots
nutrients uptake from roots
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Stomates
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AP Biology
Chloroplasts double membrane stroma thylakoid sacs grana stacks
Chlorophyll & ETC in thylakoid membrane H+ gradient built up
within thylakoid sac
Plant structure
H+ H+
H+
H+
H+H+
H+ H+
H+H+
H+
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AP Biology
Pigments of photosynthesis
chlorophyll & accessory pigments “photosystem” embedded in thylakoid
membrane structure function
Why does this structure make sense?
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AP Biology
A Look at Light The spectrum of color
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AP Biology
Light: absorption spectra Photosynthesis performs work only with
absorbed wavelengths of light chlorophyll a — the dominant pigment —
absorbs best in red & blue wavelengths & least in green
other pigments with different structures have different absorption spectra
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AP Biology
Chloroplasts are green because they absorb light wavelengths in red & blue and reflect green back out
Chloroplasts
structure function
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AP Biology
Photosystems Photosystems
collections of chlorophyll molecules
2 photosystems in thylakoid membrane act as light-gathering “antenna complex” Photosystem II
chlorophyll a P680 = absorbs 680nm
wavelength red light Photosystem I
chlorophyll b P700 = absorbs 700nm
wavelength red light
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AP Biology
Photosynthesis overview Light reactions
convert solar energy to chemical energy
ATP
Calvin cycle uses chemical
energy (NADPH & ATP) to reduce CO2 to build C6H12O6 (sugars)
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AP Biology
Light reactions Similar to ETC in cellular respiration
membrane-bound proteins in organelle electron acceptors
NADPH proton (H+)
gradient across inner membrane Where’s the double
membrane?
ATP synthase enzyme
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AP Biology
The ATP that Jack built
moves the electrons runs the pump pumps the protons forms the gradient releases the free energy allows the Pi to attach to ADP
forms the ATP
… that evolution built
sunlight breakdown of C6H12O6
respirationphotosynthesis
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AP Biology
ETC of Respiration Mitochondria transfer chemical
energy from food molecules into chemical energy of ATP
use electron carrier NADH
generate H2O
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AP Biology
ETC of Photosynthesis Chloroplasts transform light
energy into chemical energy of ATP
use electron carrier NADPH
split H2O
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AP Biology
ETC of Photosynthesis
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AP Biology
ETC of Photosynthesis
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AP Biology
ETC of Photosynthesis
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AP Biology
ETC of Photosynthesis ETC produces from light energy
ATP & NADPH NADPH (stored energy) goes to Calvin cycle
PS II absorbs light excited electron passes from chlorophyll to
“primary electron acceptor” need to replace electron in chlorophyll enzyme extracts electrons from H2O & supplies
them to chlorophyll splits H2O O combines with another O to form O2
O2 released to atmosphere and we breathe easier!
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AP Biology
Experimental evidence Where did the O2 come from?
radioactive tracer = O18
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light
energy + ++
Experiment 1
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light
energy + ++
Experiment 2
Proved O2 came from H2O not CO2 = plants split H2O
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AP Biology
2 Photosystems Light reactions
elevate electrons in 2 steps (PS II & PS I) PS II generates
energy as ATP PS I generates
reducing power as NADPH
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AP Biology
Cyclic photophosphorylation If PS I can’t pass
electron to NADP, it cycles back to PS II & makes more ATP, but no NADPH coordinates light
reactions to Calvin cycle
Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH
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AP Biology
Photophosphorylation
noncyclicphotophosphorylation
cyclicphotophosphorylation
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AP Biology
Photosynthesis summary Where did the energy come from?Where did the H2O come from?Where did the electrons come from?Where did the O2 come from?Where did the H+ come from?Where did the ATP come from?Where did the O2 go?What will the ATP be used for?What will the NADPH be used for?
…stay tuned for the Calvin cycle
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Adapted from: Kim FogliaAP Biology
Any Questions??