chapter 10 review of human systems anatomy and physiology
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Chapter 10 Review of Human Systems Anatomy and Physiology. Objectives. Discuss importance of human anatomy related to paramedic practice Describe anatomical position Interpret anatomical terms List structures of the axial and appendicular skeleton Define division of the abdomen - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 10Review of Human SystemsAnatomy and Physiology
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Objectives
Discuss importance of human anatomy related to paramedic practice
Describe anatomical position Interpret anatomical terms List structures of the axial and appendicular
skeleton Define division of the abdomen List the three major body cavities and their
contents
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Objectives Discuss functions of cellular structures Describe cellular reproduction Differentiate between body tissue types Label and list functions of body organs Label and list functions of special senses
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Fun Games University of Minnesota
Web Anatomy http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/
Anatomy Arcade http://anatomyarcade.com/
McGraw Hill http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072351136/student_view0/a_p_arcade.html
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UW School of Medicine IME Video Library
http://videos.med.wisc.edu/
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Terminology Anatomical
position
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Terminology
Supine On back, face up
Prone On stomach, face down
Lateral recumbent On side
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Anatomical Planes Sagittal plane
Vertical left and right sides
Transverse plane horizontal top and bottom halves
Frontal plane coronal front and back
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Body Regions Appendicular
Extremities
Axial Head, neck, thorax, abdomen
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Body Regions Abdominal region
KNOW THE ORGANS IN
EACH QUADRANT
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Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic Cavities
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cell: Eukaryotes ~ nucleus
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Cells Most basic unit of life Composed of protoplasm
living contents of cell surrounded by plasma membrane
Main parts of human cells Cytoplasmic membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus
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Cytoplasm and Organelles Cytoplasm
gel-like
Organelles Functional
structures
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Cells Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria Centrioles Nucleus
Nucleolus Chromatin granules
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cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane
regulates movement into and out of cell
Nucleus protein synthesis (DNA)
Nucleoli Ribosome formation
Ribosomes synthesize protein
Endoplasmic Reticulum rough: protein smooth: lipid and carb
synthesis
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Mitochondria powerhouse
Lysosomes Digestive system
Golgi apparatus (complex) synthesize carbs, bind with
protein packages product as globules
of glycoprotein Centrioles
cell reproduction Cilia
movement (hair-like) flagella
movement (tail-like)
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Cell Functions Movement Conductivity Metabolic absorption Secretion Excretion Respiration Reproduction
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Cell Reproduction Human cells (except sex cells) reproduce
by mitosis Division throughout life
Epithelial cells Liver cells Bone marrow cells
Some divide until near time of birth Nerve cells Skeletal muscle cells
Apoptosis: Cell death
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Tissues Epithelial
Classified by shape and arrangement of cells
continuous sheet of cells
Connective Seven subgroups cells with matrix
Muscle Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Nerve Neurons, neuroglia
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How is your tissue like a house?
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Organ Systems Organ
two or more tissues organized to perform a more complex
function than one tissue alone can accomplish
System Group of organs perform a more complex function than any
one organ alone can accomplish 11 major organ systems in the human body
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Body Systems
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Integumentary System Largest organ system Functions
Protection against injury Prevention of dehydration Defense against infection Aid in temperature regulation
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Integumentary System Epidermis Dermis Hair Nails Glands
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Integumentary System Superficial Thorax and Abdomen
(8.00 minutes) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1250
2.26 Dermal Layers SC tissue Nerves Anatomic Landmarks
6.20 Lymph Nodes
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Skeletal System Bones
short bones longs bones flat bones
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skeletal system Connective tissues
Cartilage Tendons Ligaments
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Axial Skeleton
Skull 28 bones
Hyoid bone
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Axial Skeleton Vertebral column 26 bones 5 regions
7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 1 sacral bone
5 fused vertebrae 1 coccygeal bone
5 fused vertebrae
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Axial Skeleton—Vertebral Column
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Thoracic Cage
Protects organs Prevents collapse
of thorax 12 rib pairs Sternum
3 components
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Abdominal wall, Back Muscles, & Spinal Cord ~ 24.40 http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1251
Pectoralis muscle Ribs, Intercostals Spaces 10.30: Back and Vertebral columns
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Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the upper and lower extremities
and their girdles
Pectoral girdle Scapula and clavicle Attaches upper limbs to the axial skeleton
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Upper Extremity Humerus Radius/ulna Wrist Hand
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Pelvic Girdle Attaches legs to
trunk Coxae Acetabulum
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Femur Longest bone Articulates with
acetabulum Articulates with
patella
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Tibia Larger than
fibula Supports most of
leg's weight Distal end forms
lateral malleolus Medial side of
ankle joint
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Fibula Does not articulate
with femur Articulates with tibia Distal end forms
lateral malleolus Lateral aspect of
ankle joint
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Foot Tarsals,
metatarsals, and phalanges
Talus articulates with tibia and fibula
Calcaneus
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Biomechanics of Body Movement
All bones (except hyoid) connect to at least one other bone
Three major classifications of joints: Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints
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Fibrous Joints
Two bones joined by fibrous tissue
Little or no movement
Sutures
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Fibrous Joints Syndesmoses
slightly moveable bones united by
interosseous membrane
Gomphoses binds teeth to bone
sockets only joint where bone
does not join another bone
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Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses
Bones joined with hyaline cartilage epiphyseal growth plate in children costal cartilage
Symphysis Bones joined with fibrocartilage
fusion
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Synovial Joints Contain synovial fluid Plane or gliding joints Saddle joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Ball-and-socket joints Ellipsoid joints
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Synovial Joints
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Types of Movement Flexion Extension
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Types of Movement Abduction Adduction
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Types of Movement Medial
Lateral
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Types of Movement Circumduction
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Types of Movement Pronation Supination
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Muscular System Primary functions of skeletal muscle:
Movement Postural maintenance Heat production
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Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Contractile cells (muscle
fibers) Skeletal muscle fiber
Thick and thin myofilaments
Sarcomere Contractile unit of skeletal
muscle
Contraction process Myofilaments slide toward
each other
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Neuromuscular Junction Impulse enters
muscle fibers through motor neuron
Neuromuscular junction (synapse)
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Skeletal Muscle Movement Muscle contraction pulls bone toward another across
movable joint Attachment of each muscle at origin and insertion
Synergists: works in concert with other muscles
Antagonists works in opposite direction
Prime mover move joint in particular direction agonist with synergist muscle groups
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Skeletal Muscle Movement
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Types of Muscle Contraction Isometric or isotonic Muscle movement often is
a combination of isometric and isotonic contraction
http://www.spike.com/video-clips/mktv3a/ode-to-jackie-chan
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Postural Maintenance
Muscle tone Keeps back and legs straight Head upright Abdomen flat
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Heat Production Chemical reaction Breakdown of ATP during muscle
contraction results in some energy loss as heat Largely responsible for normal body temperature
Shivering
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Nervous System
Major regulatory and coordinating system
Rapidly transmits information from one body area to another
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Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Continuous with
each other
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves Ganglia 43 pairs of nerves form
PNS 12 pairs from brain 31 pairs from spinal cord
Afferent division Efferent division
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLrhYzdbbpE&feature=related
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Autonomic Nervous System Transmits action potentials from CNS
to Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Certain glands
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFYRosjcVuU
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Central Nervous System Brain and spinal
cord
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Brain Stem
Medulla, pons, and midbrain
Connects spinal cord to brain
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJTOpM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQetOVB_VZo
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Medulla Inferior portion of
brain stem Pathway for
ascending and descending nerve tracts
Regulates: Heart rate Blood vessel
diameter Breathing Swallowing Vomiting Coughing Sneezing
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Pons Relays information
from cerebrum to cerebellum
Sleep center Respiratory center Helps control
breathing
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Midbrain (Mesencephalon) Smallest region of brain stem Involved in
Audio pathways in the CNS Visual reflexes Helps regulate coordination of motor activities
and muscle tone
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Reticular Formation A group of nuclei scattered throughout the
brain stem Part of reticular activating system
Involved in sleep-wake cycle and in maintaining consciousness
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Diencephalon Between brain
stem and cerebrum
Thalamus and hypothalamus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eJcHefMSiI
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Thalamus Largest portion of
diencephalon Receives sensory input Relays impulses to
cerebral cortex Influences mood,
general body movements
Strong emotions
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Hypothalamus Major controller “Gatekeeper" to
cerebrum Active in
Emotions Hormonal cycles Sexual activity Temperature
regulation
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Cerebrum Largest portion of
brain Right and left
hemispheres Each hemisphere
divided into lobes
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Cerebrum Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIo6ck75EZc&feature=related
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Limbic System Portions of cerebrum and diencephalon Influences:
Emotions (and visceral responses) Motivation Mood Sensations of pain and pleasure
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Cerebellum Second largest part of brain Major functions
Motor coordination Compares impulses from motor cortex with
those from moving structures Compares intended movement with actual
movement Responsible for precise movements
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Spinal Cord Location and function
Dorsal root Ventral root Spinal ganglia
Primary reflex center
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Meninges
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1liTxUxT9xQ&feature=related
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Peripheral Nervous System Collects information from inside body and
body surface Relays information by afferent fibers to CNS Relays information by efferent fibers from CNS to
various parts of body
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Cranial Cavity IME Videos
http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1269 25:55 minutes
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Spinal Nerves First pair exits between skull
and first cervical vertebrae Spinal nerves in sacrum exit
the bone 8 pairs exit in cervical region 12 pairs exit in thoracic
region 5 pairs in lumbar region 5 pairs in sacral region 1 pair in coccygeal region
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Dermatomes Spinal nerves (except C1) have specific cutaneous sensory distribution Dermatome:
Skin surface area supplied by single spinal nerve
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Cranial Nerve Functions Sensory Somatomotor Proprioception Parasympathet
ic
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NYFedWKAGI&feature=fvsr
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Autonomic Nervous System Afferent neurons Efferent neurons
Somatomotor neurons
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Endocrine System Hormones
Dissolved in blood plasma
Quickly distributed throughout the body
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrMi4GikWwQ
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Circulatory System Blood functions Blood components
Plasma (55%) Formed elements (45%)
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Thrombocytes (platelets)
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Anatomy of the Heart Muscular pump
Two atria Two ventricles
Cone shaped Size of a closed
fist
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90
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Thorax (26.41) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1253
Lungs, pleura Heart and pericardium
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Anatomy of the Heart In mediastinum In pericardial
cavity 2/3 of mass lies left
of midline of sternum
Pericardium Coronary vessels
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Coronary Vessels Aorta Pulmonary trunk Right and left
coronary arteries
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Heart Chambers and Valves Interatrial septum Interventricular
septum Atrioventricular (AV)
valves Tricuspid valve Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Semilunar valves Aortic and pulmonary
semilunar valves
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Conduction System of the Heart Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular
node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxKBQqe_Bo0
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Normal Conduction Sequence of
normal impulse conduction SA node Both atria AV node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers Both ventricles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riUAFkV7HCU&feature=related
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Blood Flow through the Heart
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Peripheral Circulation Flow of blood
Ventricles Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venous system
Thinner, less elastic than arteries
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Capillary Network Blood supply to
capillaries
by arterioles Blood flows to venules
Flow regulated by precapillary sphincters
Function Nutrient and waste
exchange
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Arteries and Veins Walls have three layers of elastic tissue (except
capillaries and venules) Tunica intima
(inner layer) Tunica media
(middle layer) Tunica adventitia
(outer layer)
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Types of Arteries Conducting arteries
Large and elastic
Distributing arteries Small to medium size
Arterioles Smallest
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Venules Similar structure to capillaries Collect blood from capillaries Transport blood to small veins Nutrient exchange occurs across venule
walls
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Veins Walls are layer of
smooth muscle cells Medium and large
veins carry blood to venous trunks and then to heart
Large veins have valves Allow blood to flow to
but not from the heart
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Arteriovenous Anastomoses AV shunts Allow blood flow from arteries to veins
without passing through capillaries Natural AV shunts Pathological shunts
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Pulmonary Circulation
Blood from right ventricle is pumped into pulmonary trunk Bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries
Transports blood to respective lungs
After exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide: Two pulmonary veins exit each lung and enter
the left atrium
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Systemic Circulation Blood enters left heart from pulmonary
veins Blood passes through left atrium into left
ventricle and then into aorta From aorta, blood is pumped throughout
the body
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Arteries of Systemic Circulation Aorta Coronary arteries Arteries to the head and neck Arteries of the upper and lower
limbs Thoracic aorta and its branches Abdominal aorta and its
branches Arteries of the pelvis
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Veins of Systemic Circulation Coronary veins Veins of the head and
neck Veins of the upper and
lower limbs Veins of the thorax Veins of the abdomen
and pelvis Veins of the hepatic-
portal system
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Lymphatic System Considered part of circulatory system Carries fluid away from tissues Components Functions
Maintain fluid balance Absorb fats Role in immune system
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Posterior Thorax Posterior Thorax (21.07)
http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1254
111
Airway Anatomy Upper airway
Above glottis
Lower airway Below glottis
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Pharynx Nasopharynx
Uppermost part of airway
Behind nasal cavities
Nasal septum Vestibule Olfactory
membranes Sinuses
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Pharynx Oropharynx
Begins at level of uvula
Extends to epiglottis
Opens into oral cavity
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Pharynx Laryngopharynx
Tip of epiglottis to glottis and esophagus
Mucous membrane lining to protect internal surfaces
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Larynx Three functions
Air passageway Prevents solids and
liquids from entering respiratory tree
Speech production
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Larynx Nine cartilages
Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage
Only complete cartilaginous ring in larynx
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone Cricothyroid
membrane
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Larynx Vestibular folds
False vocal cords
Vocal cords True vocal cords
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Mouth and Pharynx http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1272
Start at 13.15 13.15: Pharynx, innervations of cranial nerves 19.30: pharynx: nasal, oral, laryngeal 28.30: Submandibular Triangle: Hypoglossal Cranial nerve 32.30: Nasopharynx
Nasal Cavity and Larynx (10.43) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1273
7:00: Larynx
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Lower Airway Structures Trachea Bronchial tree
Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Bronchioles
Alveoli Lungs
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Pulmonary Surfactant Thin film that coats alveoli Prevents alveoli from collapsing
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Lungs Respiration Attached to heart by
pulmonary arteries and veins
Separated by mediastinum Bases of lungs rest on
diaphragm Apex extends 2.5 cm above
clavicles
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Pleural Cavity Pleural cavity
surrounds each lung
Two layers (visceral and parietal)
Pleural space
123
Digestive System Provides body with water, electrolytes, and nutrients
Specialized to Ingest food Propel food through GI tract Absorb nutrients
Functions Components
124
Peritoneal Cavity (24.48) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1255
6.35: tour of abdominal organs 9.58: Testes, ovaries, hernia pathways 20.15: Inguinal triangle
Blood supply http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/6875
125
Stomach Storage and mixing
area Secretes mucus Gastric gland
secretes: Hydrochloric acid Intrinsic factor Gastrin Pepsinogen
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Small Intestine Secretes mucus,
electrolytes, water Lubricates and
protects intestinal walls
Mixes, propels chyme Absorbs fluid and
nutrients
127
Liver Secretes 600-1000 mL bile per day
Dilutes stomach acid Emulsifies fat
Role in Iron metabolism Plasma-protein production Detoxification of drugs Glucose metabolism
128
Gallbladder Stores bile Stimulated to contract by
Cholecystokinin Secretin
Excretes bile into small intestine
129
Pancreas Exocrine gland
Pancreatic juice Amylase Sodium bicarbonate Other digestive enzymes
Endocrine gland Insulin Glucagon
130
Large Intestine Absorption of water and salts Secretion of mucus Microorganism actions
Vitamin K Nutrient release and absorption
Conversion of chyme Defecation through anus
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Posterior Abdominal Wall (10.08) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1256
132
Urinary System Helps maintain:
Homeostasis Constant body fluid volume and composition Control of RBC production Vitamin D metabolism
133
Kidneys On either side of
vertebral column Outer cortex and
inner medulla Nephron
Basic functional unit of kidney
134
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
Ureters Urinary bladder
Male urinary bladderMale urinary bladder
135
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
Urethra In males, extends to
end of penis, where it opens to outside
In females, much shorter urethra
Opens into vestibule anterior to vaginal opening
Male urinary bladderMale urinary bladder
136
Urine Production Filtration Reabsorption Secretion
137
Urine Regulation Controlled by:
Hormonal mechanisms Autoregulation Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
138
Hormonal Mechanisms Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Atrial natriuretic factor Prostaglandins and kinins
139
Autoregulation Kidneys can regulate stable filtration rate
over a wide range of blood pressures Large increases in arterial pressure
increase rate of urine production Decreases in arterial pressure decrease
urine production
140
Sympathetic Nervous System Stimulation
Sympathetic neurons innervate blood vessels of the kidney
Decreased renal blood flow may result from Severe stress Intense exercise Circulatory shock
141
Male Reproductive System Testes Epididymis Ductus deferens Urethra Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral
glands Scrotum Penis
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Female Reproductive System Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina External genitalia Mammary glands
143
Ovaries Ovaries are attached to broad ligament
(mesovarium) Other ovarian ligaments
Suspensory ligament Ovarian ligament
144
Ovaries Ovarian arteries, veins, and nerves
traverse the suspensory ligament Enter the ovary through mesovarium
Dense outer portion (cortex) Looser inner portion (medulla) Ovarian follicles
Each contains an oocyte Distributed throughout cortex
145
Uterine Tubes Ducts for the ovaries Open directly into the peritoneal cavity to receive the oocyte
146
Uterus Size and shape of a pear Fundus Cervix
147
External Genitalia (Vulva) Vestibule and
surrounding structures
Labia minora Clitoris Labia majora Clinical perineum
Area between vagina and anus
148
Mammary Glands Milk production Lactiferous duct
divides to form smaller ducts Forms secretory
sacs that secrete milk during nursing
149
Special Senses Provide brain with information about
outside world Include:
Smell Taste Sight Hearing and balance
150
Olfactory Sense Organs Receptors lie in upper nasal cavity Impulses are interpreted by brain as
odors
151
Taste Taste receptors Taste buds
152
Visual System Eyes Accessory structures Optic nerve, tract, and pathways Second cranial nerve (optic nerve) Third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve)
153
Orbit (11.21) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1270
154
Anatomy of the Eye Sclera Cornea Vascular tunic Iris Retina Compartments of
the eye Anterior chamber Posterior chamber
155
Compartments of the Eye Anterior chamber
Aqueous humor Helps regulate
intraocular pressure Refracts light Provides nutrition
Posterior chamber Vitreous humor
Helps regulate intraocular pressure
Refracts light Holds retina
156
Accessory Structures Conjunctiva Lacrimal gland
157
Hearing and Balance External ear Middle ear Inner ear
158
Ear (5.27) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1271
159
ConclusionThe paramedic must thoroughly understand human anatomy to organize a patient assessment by body region and to
communicate effectively with medical direction and other members of the health
care team.
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Questions?