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Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque

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Page 1: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Chapter 10—The Counter-Reformation and the Baroque

Page 2: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl)

•  16th century influenced by the Reformation and the

17th century by the Counter-Reformation (1600-1715)—the Counter-Reformation reestablished discipline of the church and an attempt to do so with art.

•  Council of Trent: dealt with transubstantiation, purgatory, apostolic succession, celibacy, etc.

•  Jesuits became the enforcers of the Counter-Reformation.

Page 3: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

•  Completion of St. Peter’s first major Baroque architecture

•  Decentralization of power in both the church and the arts.

•  Reformation and the rise of the national state.

•  Art for the more than just the church (aristocracy and bourgeoisie)

•  Science: Galileo, Bacon, Kepler, Descartes, Newton

•  Time of absolutism in church and state

Page 4: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Bernini Saint Peter’s Square

1656-57

Page 5: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

The Baroque Art/Mannerism

Characteristics:

•  Emotionalism and psychology •  Anti-rationalistic classicism of Renaissance •  Illusionism •  Splendor •  Light and Shadow (chiaroscuro) •  Movement (note diagonal line) •  Religious Fervor •  Domestic Intimacy

Page 6: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

• The Protestant Reformation

• The fight between Charles V of Spain and Francis I of France

• Therefore, the two emperors got the pope to create the Council of Trent (1545-1563) so that the RCC could reform itself and deal with the Protestants.

The RCC had a couple major problems:

Page 7: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Stopped selling offices and religious items Moved many bishops to their respective churches Remain celibate Create seminaries in each diocese Pushed art—pictures, statues, music, etc.

The Council of Trent did several things:

Page 8: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

The Rise of Mannerism

Michelangelo was the bridge from the

Renaissance to Mannerism.

Here Michelangelo's Victory has a small

head with a massive body.

Page 9: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Nudity was an issue for some. However, Paul III allowed Michelangelo to have nudes paintings

in the Sistine Chapel….

After both died, Paul IV had Daniele da Volterra and others painted over all nude men…

hence the group was called the “breeches-painters.”

They remained covered after the restoration in 1994.

Page 10: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Nudity was okay…just so it wasn’t in the churches. Federico Gonzaga painted this

as an example of erotic art.

Page 11: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Correggio Jupiter and Io

in 1530

Page 12: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Veronese The Last Supper or Feast in the House of Levi

1573 The title change was in response to the Inquisition.

Page 13: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

El Greco Resurrection

1597-1604

Take note of the elongated figures and the lack

of nudity.

Page 14: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

The Burial

of Count Orgaz 1586

Page 15: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

The Agony in the Garden 1597-1600

Page 16: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

The Burial

of Count Orgaz 1586

Page 17: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Christ Driving the Traders from the Temple

Page 18: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

View of Toledo

1597-99

Page 19: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Portrait of a Cardinal

1600

Page 20: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

St. Martin and the Beggar

ca. 1604

Page 21: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Cervantes wrote Don Quixote in the picaresque style in his quixotic manner.

Page 22: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

The Baroque in Italy

Pozzo Triumph of Saint Ignatius

of Loyola 1691-1694

Page 23: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Baroque Sculpture: Bernini

Bernini wants to link sensual experience with the theology of the church.

The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa is just his link and calling….

Page 24: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Bernini The Ecstasy of Saint

Teresa of Avila 1645-52

Page 25: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa

of Avila 1645-52

Page 26: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation
Page 27: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Daphne and Apollo

Page 28: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

David 1623

Page 29: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

A major difference

between the Renaissance

and the Baroque

Page 30: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Caravaggio The Calling of Saint Matthew

1599-1600

Page 31: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Gentileschi in a couple of her loving paintings.

Page 32: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

The Secular Baroque in the North

The Dutch had money and often invested it in art.

The still lifes were the focus of these

Calvinists.

Page 33: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Hals Laughing Cavalier

Page 34: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Hals Catharina Hooft and Her Nurse

Page 35: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Hals Officers of the Haarlem Militia

Page 36: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Hals Lute Player

Page 37: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Hals Jester with a Lute

Page 38: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Hals The Gypsy Girl

Page 39: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Hals Banquet of the Officers of the St. Georges Civic Guard

Page 40: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation
Page 41: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Rembrandt Night Watch 1642

Page 42: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation
Page 43: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Rembrandt Man with the Golden Helmet

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Rembrandt Philosopher Reading

Page 45: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Rembrandt Aristotle and bust of Homer

Page 46: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Rembrandt Self-Portrait

Page 47: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Ruisdael The Jewish Cemetery

Page 48: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Ruisdael Windmill Near Wijk

Page 49: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Ruisdael Sunlight on the

Waterfront

Page 50: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Vermeer The Milkmaid

Page 51: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Vermeer Woman in Blue reading a Letter

Page 52: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Vermeer The Girl with a Pearl

Earring

Page 53: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Vermeer Girl reading a Letter at an Open Window

Page 54: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Vermeer Woman Holding

a Balance

Page 55: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Absolutism and the Baroque Court

Louis XIV had absolute control over

the government, the people, the nobility, and the church—hence the name,

the Age of Absolutism.

Page 56: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Rigaud Louis XIV, King of France

or “The Sun King”

Page 57: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Louie XIV at Versailles

Page 58: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Versailles

Page 59: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation
Page 60: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation
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Page 62: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Rubens Rape of the Daughters

of Leucippus 1648

Rubens: Color and Sensuality

Page 63: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Rubens The Raising of the Cross

1609-10

Page 64: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Rubens Landscape with the Chateau Steen

1636

Page 65: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Rubens Feast of Venus

Page 66: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Rubens Daniel in the Loin’s Den

Page 67: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Rubens Descent from the Cross

Page 68: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Rubens St. George and the Dragon

Page 69: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

The Court Arts of England and Spain

European monarchs believed that they were divinely chosen to rule absolutely.

Charles I was mixing religion and politics too closely for the Puritans in Parliament.

A civil war resulted from 1642-48.

Cromwell replaced Charles I but became Lord Protector…essentially a dictator.

Then finally William of Orange came from

Holland resulting in a constitutional monarchy.

Page 70: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Anthony van Dyck Portrait Charles I

1635

Page 71: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Anthony van Dyck Alexander Henderson

1641

Page 72: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Velazquez in Spain

He raises an interesting question about the focal point(s)

of The Maids of Honor 1656.

Who is the focal point of this painting?

Page 73: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Velazquez The Maids of Honor

1656

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Velazquez Old Woman Frying Eggs

Page 79: Chapter 10—The Counter- Reformation and the Baroque · 2013-01-06 · The Baroque World Barroco (Portuguese for irregular shaped pearl) • 16th century influenced by the Reformation

Velazquez Innocent X

ca. 1650