chapter 11 218/martini ppt... · introduction •two major groups of appendicular muscles •the...

Lecture Presentation by

Steven Bassett

Southeast Community College

Chapter 11

The Muscular

System

Appendicular

Musculature

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introduction

• Appendicular Musculature

• Appendicular muscles are responsible for:

• Stabilizing the pectoral and pelvic girdles

• Moving the upper and lower limbs

• Absorbing shocks and jolts as you walk, run, or

jump

• Aiding in strengthening the joint area


Introduction

• Two Major Groups of Appendicular Muscles

• The muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs

• The muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs


Figure 11.1 The Two Major Groups of Appendicular Muscles


Muscles of the Pectoral

Girdle and Upper Limb

Muscles of the Pelvic

Girdle and Lower Limb

Muscles That Move the Thigh

Muscles That Move the Leg

Extrinsic Muscles That

Move the Foot and Toes

Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot

Muscles That Position

the Pectoral Girdle

Muscles That Move the Arm

Muscles That Move the

Forearm and Hand

Extrinsic Muscles of the

Hand and Fingers

Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand

These muscles originate on the

axial skeleton, and insert on the

clavicle and scapula.


pectoral girdle and the thoracic

cage, and insert on the humerus.

These muscles primarily originate

on the pectoral girdle and

humerus, and insert on the radius,

ulna, and/or carpals.

These muscles primarily originate

on the humerus, radius, and ulna,

and insert on the metacarpals

and phalanges.

These are the muscles that

perform fine movements. They

originate primarily on the carpal

and metacarpal bones, and insert

on the phalanges.

These muscles originate in the

pelvic region, and typically insert

on the femur.


pelvis and femur, and insert on

the tibia and/or fibula.


tibia and fibula, and insert on the

tarsals, metatarsals, and/or

phalanges.

These muscles originate primarily

on the tarsal and metatarsal

bones, and insert on the phalanges.

Factors Affecting Appendicular Muscle Function

• Action Lines of the Muscle

• Flexion and extension at the shoulder joint

• Adduction and abduction at the shoulder joint

• Medial and lateral rotation at the shoulder joint

• Action lines at the hip joint

• Spurt and Shunt Muscles


Figure 11.2 Factors Affecting Appendicular Muscle Function (1 of 7)


The Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint

When an entire muscle or part of a large muscle

contracts, it pulls the insertion in a specific direction.

The direction of applied force is called an action

line. The movement resulting at the associated joint

depends on the relationship between the action line

and the anatomical structure of the joint that

determines its axes of motion. Knowing what

movements the anatomy of a particular joint allows

will help you understand or predict the actions of a

particular muscle at

that joint.

We will begin by

looking at muscles

around the shoulder

joint as seen in a

lateral view. These

muscles insert on the humerus to produce various

movements, but to show the relationship between the

action lines and the joint itself, the humerus has been

removed.

Deltoid

Tendons

of biceps

brachii

Subscapularis

Teres major

Teres minor

Triceps brachii

Glenoid

cavity

ANTERIORPOSTERIOR



Flexion and Extension

Muscles whose action lines cross the anterior aspect

of the shoulder joint are flexors of that joint, and

muscles whose action lines cross the posterior

aspect are extensors.

POSTERIOR ANTERIOR

Tendons

of

biceps

brachii

Posterior

portion

of

deltoidGlenoid

cavity

Extensio

nF

lexion



Adduction and Abduction

Muscles whose action lines cross the superior

aspect of the shoulder joint are adductors of that

joint, and muscles whose action lines cross the

inferior aspect of the joint are abductors.

Abduction

Adduction

Deltoid

Glenoid

cavity

Triceps

brachiiTeres

major



Medial and Lateral Rotation

Muscles whose action lines cross the anterior

aspect of the shoulder joint may produce medial

rotation as well as flexion, and muscles whose

action lines cross the posterior aspect of a joint

may produce lateral rotation as well as extension.

Glenoid

cavity

SubscapularisTeres

minor

Medial rotatio

nLateral rotatio

n



Action Lines at the Shoulder Joint

Here is a superficial lateral view showing the action

lines of the deltoid, biceps brachii, and triceps

brachii muscles. As you have seen, analyzing how

those action lines cross the shoulder joint enables

one to determine the actions of these muscles on

the humerus.

Acromion Clavicle

Clavicular deltoid:flexion and

medial rotation

Entire deltoid:abduction at

the shoulder

Scapular deltoid:extension and

lateral rotation

Triceps brachii:extension and

adduction

Biceps brachii:flexion

Humerus

POSTERIOR ANTERIOR



Action Lines at the Hip Joint

The hip joint, like the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial joint that permits flexion/extension,

adduction/abduction, and medial/lateral rotation. Determining the action of a muscle on the hip

is identical to the process utilized for the shoulder, in that the action of a muscle on the hip is

determined by the structure of the joint and the location of the insertion of the muscle on the

femur (not shown) relative to the permitted axes of motion at the joint.

Adductor

magnus

Iliopsoas: flexion

Gluteus medius and

minimus: abduction

Obturator externus:

lateral rotation

Tensor fasciae latae:

medial rotation

Adductor longus:

adduction

Hamstring group:

extension and

lateral rotation

Action lines of the adductor magnus

Gluteal Group

ExtensionExtension and

abduction

Flexion,

abduction, and

medial rotation

Lateral Rotator GroupAdductor Group

Extension and

lateral rotationAdduction

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR

Gluteus

maximus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Tensor

fasciae

latae

Acetabulum

Hamstring

groupAdductor

longus

Adductor magnus



Spurt and Shunt Muscles

Determining the location of the insertion of a muscle

relative to the axis of the joint will provide additional

details about the functions of the muscle at that joint.

The primary action of a muscle whose insertion is

close to the joint will be the production of movement

at that joint. Such a muscle is termed a spurt

muscle, and spurt muscles are prime movers.

However, a muscle whose insertion is considerably

farther from the joint will generally help to stabilize

that joint in addition to producing motion at that

joint. This type of muscle, a synergist, is termed

a shunt muscle.

Biceps brachii:movement

and torque

(spurt muscle)Triceps brachii:movement

and torque

(spurt muscle)Brachioradialis:

stability and

movement

(shunt muscle)

Extensors

Flexors

Elbow joint

(monaxial)

Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

• Muscles associated with the pectoral girdle and

upper limbs can be divided into four groups

• Muscles that position the pectoral girdle

• Muscles that move the arm

• Muscles that move the forearm and hand

• Muscles that move the hand and fingers



• Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

• These muscles also coordinate with the muscles

that move the arm

• Levator scapulae

• Elevates the scapula

• Pectoralis minor

• Protracts the shoulder


Figure 11.6 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part II


Muscles That

Position the

Pectoral Girdle

Levator scapulae

Trapezius

Subclavius

Pectoralis minor

Serratus anterior

Internal

intercostals

External

intercostals

T12

Short head

Long head

Biceps

brachii

Serratus anterior

Coracobrachialis

Pectoralis minor (cut)

Serratus

anterior

(insertion)

Serratus

anterior

(origin)

Pectoralis

minor

Trapezius

Pectoralis

major

Subclavius

Pectoralis

major (cut

and reflected)

Origin

Insertion




that move the arm

• Rhomboid major

• Adducts the scapula

• Rhomboid minor

• Adducts the scapula


Figure 11.5 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part I


Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection

Muscles That

Position the

Pectoral Girdle

Muscles That

Position the

Pectoral Girdle

Levator scapulae

Rhomboid minor

Rhomboid major

Serratus anterior

Triceps brachii

Scapula

C1

C7

Trapezius

Deltoid

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Teres major

Serratus anterior

T12




that move the arm

• Serratus anterior

• Protracts the scapula

• Subclavius

• Protracts the scapula

• Trapezius

• Rotate scapula and extend the neck


Figure 11.6 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part II


Muscles That

Position the

Pectoral Girdle

Levator scapulae

Trapezius

Subclavius

Pectoralis minor

Serratus anterior

Internal

intercostals

External

intercostals

T12

Short head

Long head

Biceps

brachii

Serratus anterior

Coracobrachialis

Pectoralis minor (cut)

Serratus

anterior

(insertion)

Serratus

anterior

(origin)

Pectoralis

minor

Trapezius

Pectoralis

major

Subclavius

Pectoralis

major (cut

and reflected)

Origin

Insertion

Muscles of the Pectoral Girdleand Upper Limbs


A&P Flix: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle (a)


A&P Flix: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle (b)


A&P Flix: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle (c)


A&P Flix: Movement of the Pectoral Girdle


A&P Flix: Trapezius Muscle



• Muscles That Move the Arm

• Anterior view

• Deltoid

• Abducts the arm

• Pectoralis major

• Adducts and medially rotates the arm


Figure 11.7a Muscles That Move the Arm



Muscles That

Move the Arm

Muscles That

Move the Arm

Ribs (cut)Clavicle

Deltoid

Pectoralis

major

Sternum

Subscapularis

Coracobrachialis

Teres major

Biceps brachii,

short head

Biceps brachii,

long head

Anterior view.

T12

a



• Anterior view

• Coracobrachialis

• Adduction at the shoulder

• Biceps brachii (short head and long head)

• Flexes the lower arm

• Teres major

• Extension and medial rotation at shoulder

• Subscapularis

• Medial rotation at shoulder


Figure 11.7a Muscles That Move the Arm



Muscles That

Move the Arm

Muscles That

Move the Arm

Ribs (cut)Clavicle

Deltoid

Pectoralis

major

Sternum

Subscapularis

Coracobrachialis

Teres major

Biceps brachii,

short head

Biceps brachii,

long head

Anterior view.

T12

a



• Posterior view

• Supraspinatus

• Abduction at the shoulder

• Deltoid


• Latissimus dorsi

• Adduction and medial rotation at the shoulder


Figure 11.7b Muscles That Move the Arm



Muscles That

Move the Arm

Muscles That

Move the Arm

b Posterior view.

Triceps brachii,

lateral head

Triceps brachii,

long head

Teres major

Teres minor

Infraspinatus

Supraspinatus

Vertebra T1

Supraspinatus

Deltoid

Latissimus

dorsi

Thoraco-

lumbar

fascia



• Posterior view

• Supraspinatus


• Infraspinatus

• Lateral rotation at the shoulder

• Teres major

• Extension and medial rotation at the shoulder

• Teres minor

• Adduction and lateral rotation at the shoulder

• Triceps brachii

• Extension of the lower arm


Figure 11.7b Muscles That Move the Arm



Muscles That

Move the Arm

Muscles That

Move the Arm

b Posterior view.

Triceps brachii,

lateral head

Triceps brachii,

long head

Teres major

Teres minor

Infraspinatus

Supraspinatus

Vertebra T1

Supraspinatus

Deltoid

Latissimus

dorsi

Thoraco-

lumbar

fascia


• Action Line of Muscles

• When a muscle contracts, it develops tension

• The direction the muscle moves upon developing

tension is known as the action line



• Action Line of Muscles (continued)

• Action lines that cross:

• The anterior aspect of a joint are flexors

• The posterior aspect of a joint are extensors

• The medial aspect of a joint are adductors or

sometimes called medial rotators

• The lateral aspect of a joint are abductors or

sometimes called lateral rotators




Action Lines at the Shoulder Joint

Here is a superficial lateral view showing the action

lines of the deltoid, biceps brachii, and triceps

brachii muscles. As you have seen, analyzing how

those action lines cross the shoulder joint enables

one to determine the actions of these muscles on

the humerus.

Acromion Clavicle

Clavicular deltoid:flexion and

medial rotation

Entire deltoid:abduction at

the shoulder

Scapular deltoid:extension and

lateral rotation

Triceps brachii:extension and

adduction

Biceps brachii:flexion

Humerus

POSTERIOR ANTERIOR

Muscles That Move the Arm


A&P Flix: Latissimus Dorsi


A&P Flix: Pectoralis Major



• Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand

• Most of these muscles originate on the humerus

and insert on the forearm and wrist

• Exceptions include:

• Long head of triceps brachii: originates on the

scapula and inserts on the olecranon

• Long head of biceps brachii: originates on the

scapula and inserts of the radial tuberosity of the

radius




• Anterior view

• Muscles that move the forearm

• Biceps brachii

• Flexes at the elbow and shoulder

• Brachialis

• Flexes at the elbow

• Brachioradialis

• Flexes at the elbow


Figure 11.8b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I


Coracoid process

of scapula

Humerus

Coracobrachialis

Triceps brachii,

long head

Triceps brachii,

medial head

Pronator teres

Medial epicondyle

of humerus

FLEXORS AT

THE ELBOW

Biceps brachii,

long head

Biceps brachii,

short head

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

FLEXORS AT THE

WRIST

Flexor carpi radialis

Palmaris longus

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Pronator quadratus

Palmar carpal ligament

Flexor retinaculum

Muscles That

Move the Hand

Muscles

That Move

the Forearm

Superficial muscles of the right

upper limb, anterior viewb



• Anterior view

• Muscles that move the hand

• Flexor carpi radialis

• Flexes and abducts the wrist

• Palmaris longus

• Flexes at the wrist

• Flexor carpi ulnaris

• Flexes and adducts the wrist


Figure 11.8b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I


Coracoid process

of scapula

Humerus

Coracobrachialis

Triceps brachii,

long head

Triceps brachii,

medial head

Pronator teres

Medial epicondyle

of humerus

FLEXORS AT

THE ELBOW

Biceps brachii,

long head

Biceps brachii,

short head

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

FLEXORS AT THE

WRIST


Palmaris longus



Pronator quadratus

Palmar carpal ligament

Flexor retinaculum

Muscles That

Move the Hand

Muscles

That Move

the Forearm

Superficial muscles of the right

upper limb, anterior viewb



• Posterior view

• Muscles that move the forearm

• Anconeus

• Extension at the elbow

• Triceps brachii

• Lateral head: extension at the elbow

• Long head: extension at the elbow and adduction at

the shoulder

• Medial head: extension at the elbow


Figure 11.10b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part II


Infraglenoid

tubercle of

scapula

Olecranon of ulna

Brachioradialis

EXTENSORS AT THE

ELBOW

Triceps brachii,

lateral head

Triceps brachii,

long head

Anconeus

EXTENSORS AT THE

WRIST

Extensor carpi

radialis longus

Extensor carpi

ulnaris

Extensor carpi

radialis brevis

Abductor pollicis

longus

Extensor pollicis

brevis

Flexor carpi

ulnaris

Extensor

digitorum

Ulna

Radius

Extensor

retinaculum

A diagrammatic view of a

dissection of the superficial

muscles

b

Muscles That

Move the Hand

Muscles That

Move the Forearm



• Posterior view

• Muscles that move the hand

• Extensor carpi radialis longus

• Extension and abduction at wrist

• Extensor carpi ulnaris

• Extension and adduction at wrist

• Extensor carpi radialis brevis

• Extension and abduction at wrist


Figure 11.10b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part II


Infraglenoid

tubercle of

scapula

Olecranon of ulna

Brachioradialis

EXTENSORS AT THE

ELBOW

Triceps brachii,

lateral head

Triceps brachii,

long head

Anconeus

EXTENSORS AT THE

WRIST

Extensor carpi

radialis longus

Extensor carpi

ulnaris

Extensor carpi

radialis brevis

Abductor pollicis

longus

Extensor pollicis

brevis

Flexor carpi

ulnaris

Extensor

digitorum

Ulna

Radius

Extensor

retinaculum

A diagrammatic view of a

dissection of the superficial

muscles

b

Muscles That

Move the Hand

Muscles That

Move the Forearm

Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand


A&P Flix: Movement of the Elbow Joint


A&P Flix: Muscles of the Elbow Joint (a)


A&P Flix: Muscles of the Elbow Joint (b)


A&P Flix: Muscles of the Elbow Joint (c)


A&P Flix: Biceps Brachii


A&P Flix: Triceps Brachii



• Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers

• Extrinsic muscles of the hand

• Relatively large muscles that perform flexion and

extension at the joints of the fingers

• Provide strength and crude control of the hand and

fingers

• These muscles are found mostly in the forearm



• Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers

• Intrinsic muscles of the hand

• Smaller muscles that provide fine control of hand

• Responsible for flexion and extension, and

abduction and adduction of the fingers at the

metacarpophalangeal joints

• Responsible for opposition and reposition of the

thumb

• These muscles are found mostly in the palm or the

dorsum of the hand



• Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand

• Anterior view

• Flexor digitorum superficialis

• Flexion at the wrist and some digits

• Flexor digitorum profundus

• Flexion at the wrist and some digits

• Flexor pollicis longus

• Flexion of the thumb


Figure 11.11b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hands and Fingers


Median nerve

Pronator teres (cut)

Brachial artery

Radius

Ulna


(retracted)

Tendon of

biceps

brachii

Brachioradialis

(retracted)


Flexor pollicis longus

Flexor digitorum profundus

Muscles That Flex the

Fingers and Thumb

MEDIALLATERAL

Anterior view of the middle layer of muscles. The flexor

carpi radialis and palmaris longus muscles have been

removed.

b


• Extrinsic Muscles of the Hand (continued)

• Posterior view

• Abductor pollicis longus

• Abduction of thumb

• Extensor digitorum

• Extension of fingers and wrist

• Extensor pollicis brevis

• Extension of thumb, abducts the wrist

• Extensor digiti minimi

• Extension of little finger, extension of wrist


Figure 11.11e Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hands and Fingers


Anconeus

Extensor

digitorum

Extensor

digiti minimi

Muscles That

Extend the Fingers

Abductor

pollicis longus

Extensor

pollicis brevisTendon of

extensor

pollicis longus

MEDIAL LATERAL

Posterior view of the middle layer of muscles.e

Figure 11.11f Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hands and Fingers


Anconeus

Supinator

Muscles That

Move the Thumb

Abductor

pollicis longus

Extensor

pollicis longus

Extensor

pollicis brevis

Radius

Extensor

indicis

Ulna

Tendon of

extensor

digiti minimi

(cut)

Tendons of

extensor

digitorum

(cut)

LATERALMEDIAL

Posterior view of the deep layer of muscles.

See also Figures 7.7, 7.8, and 11.9.

f


• Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand

• Adductor pollicis

• Adducts the thumb

• Flexor pollicis brevis

• Flexes and adducts thumb

• Opponens pollicis

• Opposition of the thumb

• Abductor pollicis brevis

• Abducts the thumb


Figure 11.12c Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments of the Hand, Part I


Tendon of flexor

digitorum profundus

Tendon of flexor

digitorum superficialis

Tendons of

flexor digitorum

Tendon of flexor

pollicis longus

Intrinsic Muscles

of the Thumb

Adductor pollicis

Flexor pollicis

brevis

Opponens pollicis

Abductor pollicis

brevis

Tendon of palmaris longus

Tendon of flexor carpi radialis

Synovial sheaths

Intrinsic Muscles

of the Hand

Lumbricals

Palmar interosseus

First dorsal

interosseus

Abductor

digiti minimi

Flexor digiti

minimi brevis

Opponens

digiti minimi

Palmaris brevis

(cut)

Flexor retinaculum

Tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris

Anterior (palmar) viewc



• Flexor digiti minimi brevis

• Flexes little finger

• Palmaris brevis

• Moves the skin on the medial side of the palm

• Abductor digiti minimi

• Abducts little finger

• Opponens digiti minimi

• Brings digits into opposition with the thumb




Tendon of flexor

digitorum profundus

Tendon of flexor


Tendons of

flexor digitorum

Tendon of flexor

pollicis longus

Intrinsic Muscles

of the Thumb

Adductor pollicis

Flexor pollicis

brevis

Opponens pollicis

Abductor pollicis

brevis



Synovial sheaths

Intrinsic Muscles

of the Hand

Lumbricals

Palmar interosseus

First dorsal

interosseus

Abductor

digiti minimi

Flexor digiti

minimi brevis

Opponens

digiti minimi

Palmaris brevis

(cut)

Flexor retinaculum





• Lumbricals

• Flexion of the digits

• Dorsal interosseus

• Abduction of digits 2–4

• Palmar interosseus

• Adduction of digits 2, 4, and 5




Tendon of flexor

digitorum profundus

Tendon of flexor


Tendons of

flexor digitorum

Tendon of flexor

pollicis longus

Intrinsic Muscles

of the Thumb

Adductor pollicis

Flexor pollicis

brevis

Opponens pollicis

Abductor pollicis

brevis



Synovial sheaths

Intrinsic Muscles

of the Hand

Lumbricals

Palmar interosseus

First dorsal

interosseus

Abductor

digiti minimi

Flexor digiti

minimi brevis

Opponens

digiti minimi

Palmaris brevis

(cut)

Flexor retinaculum



Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers


A&P Flix: Flexor Digitorum Superficialis


Compartments and Sectional Anatomy of the Arm and Forearm

• Dense connective tissue layers provide a

structural framework for the soft tissues of the

body

• The connective tissue fibers of the deep fasciae

support and interconnect adjacent skeletal

muscles but permit independent movement

• The deep fascia extends between the bones and

the superficial fascia and separates the soft

tissues of the limb into separate compartments



• Compartments of the Upper Limb

• The arm

• Anterior compartment (or flexor compartment)

• Posterior compartment (or extensor compartment)

• The forearm

• Anterior compartment (superficial and deep)

• Lateral compartment

• Posterior compartment



• Compartments of the Arm

• The anterior compartment of the arm

• Biceps brachii

• Brachialis

• Coracobrachialis

• The posterior compartment of the arm

• Triceps brachii


Figure 11.14a Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Upper Limb


Biceps brachii

Coracobrachialis

Medial intermuscular

septum

Long head

Lateral head

Triceps

brachii

Deltoid

Horizontal section through

proximal right arm

a

Figure 11.14b Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Upper Limb


Flexor Compartment

Extensor Compartment

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Brachial artery and median nerve

Triceps brachii

Lateral

intermuscular

septum

Medial intermuscular septum

Horizontal section

through distal right arm

b


• Compartments of the Forearm

• The anterior superficial compartment

• Flexor carpi radialis

• Flexor carpi ulnaris

• Flexor digitorum superficialis

• Palmaris longus

• Pronator teres

• Flexor digitorum profundus

• Flexor pollicis longus


Figure 11.15c Dissection of the Right Upper Limb, with Sectional Views of the Arm and Forearm


POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR

Extensor digiti minimiExtensor

carpi ulnaris

Ulna

Flexor digitorum

profundus

Flexor carpi

ulnaris

Flexor digitorum

superficialis

Palmaris longus


Extensor pollicis

longus

Extensor digitorum

Abductor pollicis

longus

Extensor carpi

radialis brevis

Extensor carpi

radialis longus

Radius

Flexor pollicis

longus

Brachioradialis

Sectional view of the forearm showing the

relationships among deeper muscles.

c

Figure 11.15d Dissection of the Right Upper Limb, with Sectional Views of the Arm and Forearm


Deltoid

Teres major

Latissimus dorsi

Triceps brachii,

long head

Triceps brachii,

lateral head

Flexor carpi

ulnaris

Palmaris

longus

Flexor digitorum

superficialis

Ulna

Flexor digitorum

profundus

Flexor carpi

ulnaris

Tendon of flexor

carpi radialis

Tendon of extensor

carpi ulnaris

Flexor retinaculum

Extensor retinaculum

Tendon of

palmaris

longus

A posteromedial view of superficial

dissection of the right upper limb.

d



• The anterior deep compartment

• Pronator quadratus




• The lateral compartment

• Brachioradialis

• Extensor carpi radialis brevis

• Extensor carpi radialis longus


Figure 11.14c Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Upper Limb


Superficial Flexor Compartment

Deep Flexor Compartment

Extensor Compartment

Lateral Compartment

Flexor digitorum

superficialis

Flexor digitorum

profundus

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor digitorum

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi

radialis brevis

Horizontal section

through proximal

right forearm

c



• The posterior compartment

• Abductor pollicis longus

• Anconeus

• Extensor carpi ulnaris

• Extensor digitorum

• Extensor digiti minimi

• Extensor indicis

• Extensor pollicis brevis

• Extensor pollicis longus

• Supinator


Figure 11.15c Dissection of the Right Upper Limb, with Sectional Views of the Arm and Forearm


POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR

Extensor digiti minimiExtensor

carpi ulnaris

Ulna

Flexor digitorum

profundus

Flexor carpi

ulnaris

Flexor digitorum

superficialis

Palmaris longus


Extensor pollicis

longus

Extensor digitorum

Abductor pollicis

longus

Extensor carpi

radialis brevis

Extensor carpi

radialis longus

Radius

Flexor pollicis

longus

Brachioradialis

Sectional view of the forearm showing the

relationships among deeper muscles.

c

Figure 11.15d Dissection of the Right Upper Limb, with Sectional Views of the Arm and Forearm


Deltoid

Teres major

Latissimus dorsi

Triceps brachii,

long head

Triceps brachii,

lateral head

Flexor carpi

ulnaris

Palmaris

longus

Flexor digitorum

superficialis

Ulna

Flexor digitorum

profundus

Flexor carpi

ulnaris

Tendon of flexor

carpi radialis

Tendon of extensor

carpi ulnaris

Flexor retinaculum

Extensor retinaculum

Tendon of

palmaris

longus

A posteromedial view of superficial

dissection of the right upper limb.

d

Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs

• The muscles of the lower limbs are larger and

more powerful than those of the upper limbs.

• These muscles can be divided into three groups

• Muscles that move the thigh

• Muscles that move the leg

• Muscles that move the foot and toes



• Muscles That Move the Thigh

• Originate on the pelvis; many are large and

powerful

• Four groups

• Gluteal group

• Lateral rotator group

• Adductor group

• Iliopsoas group




• The gluteal group

• Gluteus maximus

• Posterior extension at the hip

• Gluteus medius

• Abduction at the hip

• Gluteus minimus


• Tensor fasciae latae



Figure 11.16a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I


Gluteal Group

Lateral

Rotator Group

Iliac crest

Sacrum

Piriformis

Superior

gemellus

Obturator

internus

Inferior

gemellus

Quadratus

femoris

Ischial tuberosity

Gracilis

Adductor

magnus

Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris

(long head)

Gluteus

maximus (cut)

Gluteus

medius (cut)

Gluteus

minimus

Tensor fasciae

latae

Greater trochanter

of femur

Iliotibial tract

Posterior view of pelvis showing deep dissections of the

gluteal muscles and lateral rotators. For a superficial view of

the gluteal muscles, see Figures 11.2, 11.18, and 11.19.

a



• The lateral rotator group

• Obturators

• Lateral rotation and abduction of hip

• Piriformis


• Gemelli


• Quadratus femoris

• Lateral rotation of hip


Figure 11.16a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I


Gluteal Group

Lateral

Rotator Group

Iliac crest

Sacrum

Piriformis

Superior

gemellus

Obturator

internus

Inferior

gemellus

Quadratus

femoris

Ischial tuberosity

Gracilis

Adductor

magnus

Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris

(long head)

Gluteus

maximus (cut)

Gluteus

medius (cut)

Gluteus

minimus

Tensor fasciae

latae

Greater trochanter

of femur

Iliotibial tract

Posterior view of pelvis showing deep dissections of the

gluteal muscles and lateral rotators. For a superficial view of

the gluteal muscles, see Figures 11.2, 11.18, and 11.19.

a


• Muscles That Move the Thigh • The adductor group

• Adductor brevis

• Adduction at the hip

• Adductor longus

• Adduction and medial rotation at the hip

• Adductor magnus

• Adduction at the hip

• Pectineus

• Flexion and adduction at the hip

• Gracilis

• Flexion and medial rotation at the knee

• Adduction and medial rotation at the hip


Figure 11.16d Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I


Lateral

Rotator

Group

Iliopsoas

Group

Adductor

Group

Psoas

major

Iliacus

Piriformis

Obturator

internus

Obturator

externus

Inguinal

ligament

L5

Adductor

magnus

Adductor

brevis

Adductor

longus

Pectineus

Gracilis

Sartorius

(see Table 11.8)

Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group.d



• The iliopsoas group

• Iliacus

• Flexion at the hip

• Psoas major



Figure 11.16d Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I


Lateral

Rotator

Group

Iliopsoas

Group

Adductor

Group

Psoas

major

Iliacus

Piriformis

Obturator

internus

Obturator

externus

Inguinal

ligament

L5

Adductor

magnus

Adductor

brevis

Adductor

longus

Pectineus

Gracilis

Sartorius

(see Table 11.8)

Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group.d

Muscles That Move the Thigh


A&P Flix: Gluteus Maximus


A&P Flix: Iliopsoas



• Muscles That Move the Leg

• Extensors of the knee (collectively called the

quadriceps femoris)

• Vastus intermedius

• Extends the leg

• Vastus lateralis

• Extends the leg

• Vastus medialis

• Extends the leg

• Rectus femoris

• Extends the leg



Figure 11.18b Muscles That Move the Leg, Anterior Views


Femoral nerve

Inguinal ligament

Pubic

tubercle

Femoral

vein

Femoral

artery

Anterior superior iliac spine

Gluteus medius

Tensor fasciae

latae

Iliopsoas

Pectineus

Adductor longus

Gracilis

Extensors

of the Knee

Rectus

femoris

Vastus

lateralis

Vastus

medialis

Iliotibial tract

Sartorius

Quadriceps tendon

Patella

Patellar ligament

Tibial tuberosity

Diagrammatic anterior view of

the superficial muscles of the

right thigh

b



• Flexors of the knee

• Biceps femoris

• Flexes the leg

• Extension at the hip

• Semimembranosus

• Flexes the leg

• Semitendinosus

• Flexes the leg

• The biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and

semitendinosus are collectively called the

hamstrings


Figure 11.19b Muscles That Move the Leg, Posterior Views


Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Iliotibial tract

Flexors of the Knee

Biceps femoris,

long head

Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris,

short head

Semimembranosus

Sartorius

Tibial nerve

Popliteal artery (red)

and vein (blue)

Medial head of

gastrocnemius

Lateral head of

gastrocnemius

Posterior view of superficial

muscles of the right thigh

b

Tensor fasciae

latae

Gluteus maximus

Gluteal aponeurosis

over gluteus medius

Iliac crest



• Flexors of the knee

• Sartorius

• Allows crossing of the lower leg

• Popliteus

• Flexes the leg


Figure 11.19d Muscles That Move the Leg, Posterior Views


Sartorius

Gracilis

Biceps femoris,short head

Hamstrings

Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris,long head

Semimembranosus

Sartorius

Popliteus

Deep muscles of

the posterior thigh

d

Figure 11.21a Muscles That Move the Leg, Medial and Lateral Views


Pubic

symphysis

Sacrum

Gluteus maximus

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Sartorius

Rectus femoris

Vastus medialis

Patella

Gastrocnemius,

medial head

Medial view of the muscles

of the right thigh

a

Figure 11.21b Muscles That Move the Leg, Medial and Lateral Views


Gluteus medius

Tensor fasciae

latae

Sartorius

Gluteus maximus

Rectus femoris

Iliotibial tract

Vastus lateralis

Biceps femoris,

long head

Biceps femoris,

short head

Semimembranosus

Patella

Plantaris

Patellar ligament

Lateral view of the muscles

of the right thigh

b

A&P Flix: Vastus Lateralis


A&P Flix: Biceps Femoris


A&P Flix: Sartorius



• Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

• Extrinsic muscles of the foot and toes

• Muscles that originate on the distal end of the

femur or on the tibia or fibula but yet move the foot

and toes

• Intrinsic muscles of the toes

• Muscles that originate on some aspect of the foot

but yet move the toes




• Extrinsic muscles that move the foot

• Dorsiflexor

• Tibialis anterior: dorsiflexion of the foot


Figure 11.23a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Anterior View



Patella

Iliotibialtract

Patellarligament

Tibialtuberosity

Tibialisanterior

Fibularis longus

Dorsiflexors

Fibularis longus

Tibia

Digital

Extensors

Extensordigitorumlongus

Extensorhallucislongus

Fibula

Superior extensorretinaculum

Lateral malleolus

Inferior extensorretinaculum

Anterior views showing

superficial and deep muscles

of the right leg

a



• Extrinsic muscles that move the foot

• Plantar flexors

• Gastrocnemius: plantar flexion of the foot

• Fibularis brevis: eversion of the foot

• Fibularis longus: eversion of the foot

• Plantaris: plantar flexion

• Soleus: plantar flexion

• Tibialis posterior: inversion of the foot


Figure 11.22a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Posterior Views


Plantaris

Plantar Flexors

Gastrocnemius,medial head

Gastrocnemius,lateral head

Soleus

Plantaris

Popliteus

Soleus

Gastrocnemius(cut and removed)

Calcanealtendon

Calcaneus

Superficial muscles of the

posterior surface of the

leg; those large muscles

are primarily responsible

for plantar flexion.

a

Figure 11.22c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Posterior Views


Head offibula

TibialisposteriorTibialia

posterior

Fibularislongus

Fibularisbrevis

Flexor digitorumlongus

Flexorhallucis longus

Tendon offibularis brevis

Tendon offibularis longus

Posterior view of

deeper muscles

of the leg.

c

Plantar Flexors

Digital Flexors

Iliotibial tract

Biceps femoris

Head of fibula

Lateral head ofgastrocnemius

Tibialis anterior

Fibularis longus

Soleus

Fibularis brevis

Extensor

digitorum longus

Superior extensor

retinaculum

Lateral malleolus


Calcaneal tendon

Tendon of extensorhallucis longus

Lateral view of the

superficial muscles

of the right leg

b

Figure 11.24b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Medial and Lateral Views




• Extrinsic muscles that move the toes

• Digital flexors and extensors

• Flexor digitorum longus: flexion of toes 2–5

• Flexor hallucis longus: flexion of the hallux

• Extensor digitorum longus: extension of toes 2–5

• Extensor hallucis longus: extension of the hallux


Figure 11.22c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Posterior Views


Head offibula

TibialisposteriorTibialia

posterior

Fibularislongus

Fibularisbrevis

Flexor digitorumlongus

Flexorhallucis longus


Tendon offibularis longus

Posterior view of

deeper muscles

of the leg.

c

Plantar Flexors

Digital Flexors

Figure 11.23a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Anterior View



Patella

Iliotibialtract

Patellarligament

Tibialtuberosity

Tibialisanterior

Fibularis longus

Dorsiflexors

Fibularis longus

Tibia

Digital

Extensors

Extensordigitorumlongus

Extensorhallucislongus

Fibula


Lateral malleolus


Anterior views showing

superficial and deep muscles

of the right leg

a



• Intrinsic muscles that move the toes

• Abductor hallucis: abduction of the hallux

• Flexor digitorum brevis: flexion of toes 2–5

• Abductor digiti minimi: abduction of the little toe

• Lumbricals: extension of toes 2–5

• Flexor hallucis brevis: flexion of the hallux

• Flexor digiti minimi brevis: flexion of the little toe


Figure 11.25b Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part I


Fibrous tendon

sheaths

Tendons of

flexor digitorum

brevis overlying

tendons of

flexor digitorum

longus

Lumbricals

Intrinsic Muscles

of the Foot

Flexor hallucis

brevis

Flexor digiti

minimi brevis

Abductor

hallucis

Flexor digitorum

brevis

Abductor

digiti minimi

Calcaneus

Plantar

aponeurosis

(cut)

Plantar (inferior)

view, superficial

layer of the right foot

b




• Quadratus plantae: flexion of toes 2–5


• Adductor hallucis: adducts the hallux

• Plantar interossei: adduction of toes 3–5


Figure 11.25d Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part I


Tendons of

flexor digitorum

longus

Tendons of

flexor digitorum

brevis (cut)

Lumbricals

Abductor digiti

minimi (cut)

Flexor digiti

minimi brevis

Tendon of

fibularis brevis

Tendon of

fibularis longus

Abductor digiti

minimi (cut)

Plantar

aponeurosis (cut)

Calcaneus

Tendon of

flexor hallucis

longus

Flexor hallucis

brevis

Abductor

hallucis (cut

and retracted)

Tendon of flexor

digitorum longus

Tendon of tibialis

posterior

Intrinsic Muscles

of the Foot

Quadratus

plantae

Flexor digitorum

brevis (cut)

Abductor hallucis

(cut)

d Plantar (inferior) view, deep layer of the right foot

Figure 11.25e Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part I


Intrinsic Muscles

of the Foot

Adductor hallucis

(transverse head)

Abductor digiti

minimi (cut)

Plantar interossei

Flexor digiti

minimi brevis

Tendon of

fibularis brevis

Tendon of

fibularis longus

Flexor digitorum

brevis (cut)

Plantar aponeurosis

(cut)

Calcaneus

Intrinsic Muscles

of the Foot

Flexor hallucis

brevis

Adductor

hallucis

(oblique head)

Tendon of

tibialis

posterior

Plantar

ligament

Tendon of

flexor

digitorum

longus (cut)

Tendon of

flexor

hallucis

longus (cut)

e Plantar (inferior) view, deepest layer of the right foot




• Quadratus plantae: flexion of toes 2–5


• Adductor hallucis: adducts the hallux

• Plantar interossei: adduction of toes 3–5





• Extensor digitorum brevis

• Extension of the toes of digits 1–4

• Dorsal interossei

• Abduction of toes 3 and 4

• Extension of toes 2 through 4


Figure 11.25a Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part I




Lateral malleolusof fibula


Tendons of extensordigitorum longus

Tendons of extensordigitorum brevis

Tendon oftibialis anterior

Medial malleolusof tibia

Extensor hallucisbrevis

Abductor hallucis

Dorsal interossei

Intrinsic Muscles

of the Foot

Extensor expansion

Tendon of extensorhallucis longus

Tendon of extensorhallucis brevis

Dorsal view of

the right foot

a

Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes


A&P Flix: Extensor Digitorum Longus


A&P Flix: Tibialis Anterior


A&P Flix: Soleus



• Action Line of Muscles

• When a muscle contracts, it develops tension

• The direction the muscle moves upon developing

tension is known as the action line

• The following figures show the action line of

muscles that move the thigh




Action Lines at the Hip Joint

The hip joint, like the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial joint that permits flexion/extension,

adduction/abduction, and medial/lateral rotation. Determining the action of a muscle on the hip

is identical to the process utilized for the shoulder, in that the action of a muscle on the hip is

determined by the structure of the joint and the location of the insertion of the muscle on the

femur (not shown) relative to the permitted axes of motion at the joint.

Adductor

magnus

Iliopsoas: flexion

Gluteus medius and

minimus: abduction

Obturator externus:

lateral rotation

Tensor fasciae latae:

medial rotation

Adductor longus:

adduction

Hamstring group:

extension and

lateral rotation

Action lines of the adductor magnus

Gluteal Group

ExtensionExtension and

abduction

Flexion,

abduction, and

medial rotation

Lateral Rotator GroupAdductor Group

Extension and

lateral rotationAdduction

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR

Gluteus

maximus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Tensor

fasciae

latae

Acetabulum

Hamstring

groupAdductor

longus

Adductor magnus

Compartments and Sectional Anatomy of the Thigh and Leg

• Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Thigh and

Leg

• Lateral compartment

• Fibularis longus

• Fibularis brevis


Figure 11.28c Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb


Tibialis anterior

Anterior tibial

artery and vein

Fibularis longus

Tibialis posterior

Posterior tibial artery

and vein

Soleus

Gastrocnemius

Deep Posterior Compartment

Superficial Posterior Compartment

Anterior Compartment

Lateral Compartment

c Horizontal section through

proximal right leg



Leg

• Superficial posterior compartment

• Gastrocnemius

• Soleus

• Plantaris




Tibialis anterior

Anterior tibial

artery and vein

Fibularis longus

Tibialis posterior


and vein

Soleus

Gastrocnemius




Lateral Compartment


proximal right leg



Leg

• Anterior compartment

• Iliopsoas

• Quadriceps femoris

• Sartorius

• Extensor digitorum longus

• Extensor hallucis longus

• Fibularis tertius

• Tibialis anterior


Figure 11.28a Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb



Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Sartorius

Vastus medialis

Femoral artery, vein, and nerve

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

Sciatic nerve

Biceps femoris and

semitendinosis

Gluteus maximus

Medial Compartment

Posterior Compartment

Horizontal section through proximal right thigha

Figure 11.28b Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb


Anterior CompartmentMedial Compartment


Rectus femoris

Femoral artery,

vein, and

nerve

Vastus lateralis

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

Sciatic nerve

Biceps femoris

Horizontal section through distal right thighb



Tibialis anterior

Anterior tibial

artery and vein

Fibularis longus

Tibialis posterior


and vein

Soleus

Gastrocnemius




Lateral Compartment


proximal right leg

Figure 11.28d Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb


Anterior Compartment Deep Posterior Compartment

Superficial Posterior CompartmentLateral Compartment

Tendon of tibialis

anterior

Anterior tibial artery

and vein

Tendon of fibularis

longus

Flexor hallucis longus


and vein

Soleus

Calcaneal tendon

Horizontal section

through distal right leg

d



Leg

• Medial compartment

• Adductor longus

• Adductor brevis

• Pectineus

• Adductor magnus

• Gracilis

• Obturator externus


Figure 11.28a Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb



Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Sartorius

Vastus medialis

Femoral artery, vein, and nerve

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

Sciatic nerve

Biceps femoris and

semitendinosis

Gluteus maximus

Medial Compartment


Horizontal section through proximal right thigha



Leg

• Deep posterior compartment

• Popliteus

• Flexor hallucis longus

• Flexor digitorum longus

• Tibialis posterior


Figure 11.28d Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb


Anterior Compartment Deep Posterior Compartment

Superficial Posterior CompartmentLateral Compartment

Tendon of tibialis

anterior

Anterior tibial artery

and vein

Tendon of fibularis

longus

Flexor hallucis longus


and vein

Soleus

Calcaneal tendon

Horizontal section

through distal right leg

d



Leg

• Posterior compartment

• Hamstrings


chapter 11 218/martini ppt... · introduction •two major groups of appendicular muscles •the...

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