chapter 1.1 a new view of earth 1.2 the earth system’s four spheres 1.3 cycles and the earth...
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11CHAPTER
1.1 A New View of Earth
1.2 The Earth System’s Four Spheres
1.3 Cycles and the Earth
CHAPTER OUTLINECHAPTER OUTLINE
Earth as a System EXIT CHAPTER
CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System
Technological advances and environmental
incidents have encouraged scientists to look at
Earth as a system. This new view of Earth is called
Earth system science.
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SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
VOCABULARY
A system is a type of model that allows scientists to
study a process or phenomenon with time as a
variable.
1.1 A New View of Earth
Earth system science
model
system
closed system
open system
Closed System Open System
CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System
Because it exchanges little matter with its
surroundings, Earth is an essentially closed system.
11CHAPTER
SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE
VOCABULARY
Earth system science helps scientists understand the
human impact on Earth.
1.1 A New View of Earth
Energy from the sun Energy
reflected to space
Hydrogen sometimes escapes Earth’s atmosphere
Meteorites sometimes enter Earth’s atmosphere
Earth system science
model
system
closed system
open system
CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System
The Earth system includes four spheres: the
atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.
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VOCABULARY1.2 The Earth System’s Four Spheresatmosphere
geosphere
hydrosphere
biosphere
Geosphere Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Atmosphere
Rock formations can result from interactions among the four spheres.
CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System
The atmosphere is the gaseous envelope
surrounding Earth.
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VOCABULARY1.2 The Earth System’s Four Spheres
The geosphere consists of all the
physical features on Earth except water. Earth’s
water makes up the hydrosphere.
Living things, including
plants, animals, and
people, make up the
biosphere.
atmosphere
geosphere
hydrosphere
biosphere
The
spheres interact and
change constantly.
CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System
All water on Earth is continually moving through the
water cycle, which includes evaporation, transpiration
(evapotranspiration), and precipitation.
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VOCABULARY1.3 Cycles and the Earth
cycle
water cycle
evapotranspiration
carbon cycle
energy cycle
solar energy
geothermal energy
tidal energy
Condensation
Precipitation
EvaporationEvaporation
Runoff
Runoff
Groundwater
CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System
A biogeochemical cycle involves the movement of an
element, such as carbon, through the four spheres of
the Earth system.
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VOCABULARY1.3 Cycles and the Earth
Forest fires add CO2 to the atmosphere.
Burning fossil fuels releases CO2 into the atmosphere.
Volcanoes add CO2 to the atmosphere.
Humans and other animals exhale CO2.
Carbon compounds can be stored in and release from the ocean.
cycle
water cycle
evapotranspiration
carbon cycle
energy cycle
solar energy
geothermal energy
tidal energy
CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System
The energy cycle of the Earth system has three main
energy sources: solar energy, geothermal energy,
and tidal energy.
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VOCABULARY1.3 Cycles and the Earth
Human activity can have an impact on the
interactions of Earth’s cycles.
Sources of Earth’s Energy
Type of Energy
% of Total Energy
Solar
99.895
Geothermal
0.013
Tidal
0.002
cycle
water cycle
evapotranspiration
carbon cycle
energy cycle
solar energy
geothermal energy
tidal energy
Earth as a System11CHAPTER
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