Chapter 11Chapter 11

Ecosystems as ResourcesEcosystems as Resources

Ecosystems perform natural Ecosystems perform natural servicesservices• Normally functioning ecosystems provide Normally functioning ecosystems provide

_____ natural goods and services_____ natural goods and services– Global ecosystems provide $41 trillion/yearGlobal ecosystems provide $41 trillion/year

• A functioning mangrove swamp ______ A functioning mangrove swamp ______ $14,450/acre$14,450/acre– Storm protection, forest products, spawning Storm protection, forest products, spawning

groundsgrounds• If converted to a shrimp farm, it provides If converted to a shrimp farm, it provides

$3,376/acre$3,376/acre– But pollution and land degradation cost But pollution and land degradation cost

$2,200/acre$2,200/acre– For a net ______ of $1,175/acre!For a net ______ of $1,175/acre!

• Benefits of conversion are local, _____, and Benefits of conversion are local, _____, and specificspecific– Loss of services is regional, long-term, and Loss of services is regional, long-term, and

diffusediffuse

Review: Forest ServicesReview: Forest Services

• Modification of ______Modification of ______

• Maintenance of the hydrologic cycleMaintenance of the hydrologic cycle

• Erosion _____ and soil buildingErosion _____ and soil building

Other Ecosystem ServicesOther Ecosystem Services

• Maintenance of the oxygen and ______ cyclesMaintenance of the oxygen and ______ cycles

• Waste TreatmentWaste Treatment– Wetlands especially ______ water- even raw sewageWetlands especially ______ water- even raw sewage

• Pest managementPest management

• Carbon Storage and Maintenance of the _____ Carbon Storage and Maintenance of the _____ CycleCycle

• All of this should be reviewAll of this should be review

• Ecosystems may have intrinsic _____- every Ecosystems may have intrinsic _____- every ecosystem has a extrinsic valueecosystem has a extrinsic value

Ecosystems as natural Ecosystems as natural resourcesresources• If natural services are so _____, why If natural services are so _____, why

are they destroyed?are they destroyed?• A natural area is _____ only when the A natural area is _____ only when the

society values its services higher society values its services higher than the value assigned to a direct than the value assigned to a direct human use of the resourcehuman use of the resource

• Referring to ______ systems as Referring to ______ systems as resourcesresources makes it easy to lose sight makes it easy to lose sight of their ecological valueof their ecological value– Ecosystem capital Ecosystem capital _____ this mistake_____ this mistake

Conservation vs. Conservation vs. PreservationPreservation• Conservation: how bad can we damage Conservation: how bad can we damage

something with ___ destroying itsomething with ___ destroying it• Preservation: protect something completely Preservation: protect something completely

so that it is ___ harmed by humansso that it is ___ harmed by humans• Example: Snowmobiles: Example: Snowmobiles:

– What is the harm? Snow pack, exhaust, loud What is the harm? Snow pack, exhaust, loud and scares animals, may wake ___ hibernating and scares animals, may wake ___ hibernating animals, leak oil, some start avalanchesanimals, leak oil, some start avalanches

– A lot of people want to ____ up woodlands , A lot of people want to ____ up woodlands , others want to keep it pristineothers want to keep it pristine

– ATVs grind up soilATVs grind up soil– Will one snowmobile do harm? Will one snowmobile do harm? – How much ___ we damage before it can’t come How much ___ we damage before it can’t come

back? back?

Consumptive Use Consumptive Use •Harvest a natural ecosystem in ____ Harvest a natural ecosystem in ____

to survive to survive – trees for fire word, game ___ food trees for fire word, game ___ food – generally sustainablegenerally sustainable– Careful about ___ of harvest so Careful about ___ of harvest so

you don’t run outyou don’t run out

Productive UseProductive Use• Example: Logging, let’s make an Example: Logging, let’s make an

economic gain, using ecosystem, economic gain, using ecosystem, – ExploitiveExploitive– MSYMSY: Maximum Sustainable Yield: : Maximum Sustainable Yield:

take out just enough __ that take out just enough __ that ecosystem can recover, highest profit ecosystem can recover, highest profit without hurting itwithout hurting it

– The trick is that sometimes they __ too The trick is that sometimes they __ too farfar

– Theoretically: half of carrying capacity, Theoretically: half of carrying capacity, problem is if we have a _____ tough problem is if we have a _____ tough winter, always above critical numberwinter, always above critical number

– TACTAC: Total allowable catch (Maritime : Total allowable catch (Maritime Equivilent)Equivilent)

Fig 11-6Fig 11-6

• Optimum not always halfOptimum not always half

• Should be _____ carrying capacityShould be _____ carrying capacity

• Precautionary principlePrecautionary principle: managing : managing resource, if any doubt, err on the side of resource, if any doubt, err on the side of increasing the population _____ than increasing the population _____ than higher catch. Why? If you mess it up, higher catch. Why? If you mess it up, may __ extinct, no one makes any money.may __ extinct, no one makes any money.

• Argument- how much do we know? Argument- how much do we know?

Maximum sustainable yieldMaximum sustainable yield

Tragedy of the CommonsTragedy of the Commons• Easy to go beyond _____ number if no Easy to go beyond _____ number if no

one owns land, or the land is owned one owns land, or the land is owned by manyby many

• Garrett Hardin’s essay, 1968Garrett Hardin’s essay, 1968– Pasture _____ in England provided by Pasture _____ in England provided by

king to anyone who wished to graze king to anyone who wished to graze cattlecattle

– Those who realized that the commons Those who realized that the commons was overgrazed and ______ cattle was overgrazed and ______ cattle sacrificed profitsacrificed profit

– Others continued to overgraze anywayOthers continued to overgraze anyway

Preventing the TragedyPreventing the Tragedy

• Problem when there is ____ access, Problem when there is ____ access, but no effective regulating authoritybut no effective regulating authority

• Coastal and offshore fisheries- Coastal and offshore fisheries- desirable ____ declining all over worlddesirable ____ declining all over world

• One solution: private ownership- One solution: private ownership- most owners manage for _____ runmost owners manage for _____ run

• Another solution: regulate access to Another solution: regulate access to the commonsthe commons

Effective PoliciesEffective Policies

• Some authority ____ be responsible for Some authority ____ be responsible for sustainability and can regulate usesustainability and can regulate use

• Sound ____ must be employedSound ____ must be employed

• Economic incentives ____ promote the Economic incentives ____ promote the violation of regulations must be violation of regulations must be eliminatedeliminated

• Suitable _____ must be preservedSuitable _____ must be preserved

• People’s sustenance needs must __ metPeople’s sustenance needs must __ met

Ecosystem restorationEcosystem restoration• Restoration ecology _____ damaged lands Restoration ecology _____ damaged lands

and watersand waters– Returning ecosystem _____, resilience, Returning ecosystem _____, resilience,

productivityproductivity– A worldwide, $70 billion industryA worldwide, $70 billion industry

• A thorough knowledge of ecosystem and A thorough knowledge of ecosystem and species ______ is essential to successful species ______ is essential to successful restoration effortsrestoration efforts

• Ecological problems that can be _____ includeEcological problems that can be _____ include– Soil erosion, strip mining, wetland draining, Soil erosion, strip mining, wetland draining,

hurricane damage, agricultural use, hurricane damage, agricultural use, deforestation, overgrazingdeforestation, overgrazing

Everglades restorationEverglades restoration• Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Comprehensive Everglades Restoration

Plan Plan (CERP)(CERP)– Approved ___ Congress in 2000Approved ___ Congress in 2000– Will take 36 years and $11 billionWill take 36 years and $11 billion– Funded by ______ and state governments, tribal and Funded by ______ and state governments, tribal and

local agencieslocal agencies• Managed by the U.S. Army Corps of EngineersManaged by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

– Created the system that _____ restoration necessaryCreated the system that _____ restoration necessary• The Everglades has been reduced to ____ its The Everglades has been reduced to ____ its

size through development and wetlands size through development and wetlands drainingdraining– It holds wildlife refuges and national parksIt holds wildlife refuges and national parks

The Everglades restoration The Everglades restoration planplan

In bondageIn bondage

• Water in Florida slowly ______ south from Lake Water in Florida slowly ______ south from Lake OkeechobeeOkeechobee– The river of grass: 40 miles wide, 100 miles longThe river of grass: 40 miles wide, 100 miles long

• Viewed as an unproductive swampViewed as an unproductive swamp– People built levees, locks, dams, spillwaysPeople built levees, locks, dams, spillways– Cities and sugar croplands divert waterCities and sugar croplands divert water

• Winter water shortages _____ too little for Winter water shortages _____ too little for natural systemsnatural systems– Summer rains divert too much water to the Summer rains divert too much water to the

EvergladesEverglades• Agricultural runoff of nutrients (phosphorus) Agricultural runoff of nutrients (phosphorus)

____ degraded the water____ degraded the water– Invasive species have overrun native vegetationInvasive species have overrun native vegetation

Water releaseWater release

• Goals of the 1996 task force to _____ the Goals of the 1996 task force to _____ the EvergladesEverglades– ““Getting the water right” (CERP’s role)Getting the water right” (CERP’s role)– Restoring, _______, preserving habitats and speciesRestoring, _______, preserving habitats and species– Promoting compatibility of ______ and human Promoting compatibility of ______ and human

systemssystems

• The plan calls ___ removing levees and canalsThe plan calls ___ removing levees and canals– Capturing water through reservoirs and wellsCapturing water through reservoirs and wells

• Restoring the river of grass to a healthy Restoring the river of grass to a healthy system will address the second goalsystem will address the second goal

Land buyoutLand buyout• In 2008, U.S. Sugar agreed to ___ its land In 2008, U.S. Sugar agreed to ___ its land

and facilities to the state of Florida for and facilities to the state of Florida for $1.7 billion$1.7 billion– 187,000 acres southeast of Lake Okeechobee187,000 acres southeast of Lake Okeechobee– Water stored in recreated _____ will flow into Water stored in recreated _____ will flow into

the Everglades during the dry seasonthe Everglades during the dry season– Because of the 2008-2009 recession, this plan Because of the 2008-2009 recession, this plan

was scaled _____ to $530 million for 72,500 was scaled _____ to $530 million for 72,500 acresacres

– Future options allow the state to buy more Future options allow the state to buy more landland

Biomes and Ecosystems Biomes and Ecosystems Under PressureUnder Pressure

ForestsForests

Chapter 11.3Chapter 11.3

Forest ecosystems under Forest ecosystems under pressurepressure• Forests grow in _____ receiving enough Forests grow in _____ receiving enough

precipitation for tree growthprecipitation for tree growth– The most productive land systemsThe most productive land systems

• They perform vital _____ servicesThey perform vital _____ services– Conserve biodiversity, moderate climate, Conserve biodiversity, moderate climate,

prevent erosion, store carbon and nutrients, prevent erosion, store carbon and nutrients, provide recreationprovide recreation

• Provide _____: lumber, paper, fodder, fibers, Provide _____: lumber, paper, fodder, fibers, gums, latex, fruit, berries, nuts, fuelgums, latex, fruit, berries, nuts, fuel

• The major threat: not ____ The major threat: not ____ exploitationexploitation but but total destructiontotal destruction

Forest resource assessmentsForest resource assessments

• The UN’s 2009 The UN’s 2009 State of the World Forests State of the World Forests ____ ____ thatthat– Forests cover 30% of total land areaForests cover 30% of total land area– DeforestationDeforestation (the removal of forest and (the removal of forest and

replacement by another use) continuesreplacement by another use) continues– The most important product is _____, and plantation The most important product is _____, and plantation

forests have increasedforests have increased– 9% of the world’s forests ____ protected and 65% 9% of the world’s forests ____ protected and 65%

have protection as a designated functionhave protection as a designated function– Recognition of forest roles in climate changeRecognition of forest roles in climate change

• The 2010 report will ____ high-resolution The 2010 report will ____ high-resolution satellite imagessatellite images

World forest biomesWorld forest biomes

Net changes in forest areaNet changes in forest area

Logging operationsLogging operations

Value of ForestsValue of Forests

Most productive ecosystem the ____________ Most productive ecosystem the ____________ supportsupport

They conserve biodiversityThey conserve biodiversity Moderate _________________ climatesModerate _________________ climates Prevent erosionPrevent erosion Store carbon _________________ nutrientsStore carbon _________________ nutrients Provide recreational ________________, Provide recreational ________________,

wood wood Provides $4.7 trillion worth of servicesProvides $4.7 trillion worth of services

Why Are Forests Being Cleared?Why Are Forests Being Cleared?

Difficult for humans to exploit them for Difficult for humans to exploit them for ________________________________________________

Most NRG goes to detritus and decomposer Most NRG goes to detritus and decomposer food webs ____________________ than food webs ____________________ than grazersgrazers

Forests have been an __________________ to Forests have been an __________________ to conventional husbandry and agricultureconventional husbandry and agriculture

Types of Forest ManagementTypes of Forest Management

Even-_____ managementEven-_____ management Uneven-aged managementUneven-aged management

Selective ______Selective ______ Shelterwood CuttingShelterwood Cutting

If you were a trying to cut If you were a trying to cut the _______________ in a the _______________ in a

forest, what strategy would forest, what strategy would you employ?you employ?

Strategy 1: Strategy 1: Selective CuttingSelective Cutting • intermediate-aged or

________ trees are cut

• Maintains diversity of biota

• Normal ecosystem __________________

• Remaining ___________ provide seeds– replanting unnecessary

• industry people say it is ___________ profitable

• can be destructive because many trees can be killed by removing a few large ones

Strategy 2: Strategy 2: Shelterwood - CuttingShelterwood - Cutting• cutting mature trees

in groups over 10-20 years

• At any time there are enough ______________ to both provide seeds and to give shelter to growing seedlings

• Takes _______________ active management and skillLeaves a functional ecosystem• natural looking ______________ that can be used for recreation

• can be a _________________ habitat for wildlife

Strategy 3: Strategy 3: Seed-tree CuttingSeed-tree Cutting•harvests _____________ of a stand’s trees in one cutting

•leaves a ______________ remaining trees to re-seed the site

•after new trees are established, remaining adults are _______________

•allows several species

•good _______________ wildlife and recreation

Strategy 4: Strategy 4: Clear-cuttingClear-cutting

all trees ______________ removed at once

site is artificially re-seeded requires less _______________/ skill,high return

eliminates recreational and wildlife _______________

Strategy 5: Strategy 5: Strip cuttingStrip cuttinga strip of trees is removed that is narrow ______ to be naturally

re-seededthe next year, a new strip is cut; etc.forest is clear-cut over a decade or so will _____ less damage

Sustainable ForestrySustainable Forestry

Sustainable yield: Sustainable yield: the production of wood is the _______________ goalthe production of wood is the _______________ goal the forest is managed to continuously the forest is managed to continuously

__________________ wood without removing the __________________ wood without removing the producing forestproducing forest

Sustainable _________________ Management: Sustainable _________________ Management: forests managed as ecosystems forests managed as ecosystems maintaining the biodiversity and _______________ maintaining the biodiversity and _______________

of the ecosystem is the primary objectiveof the ecosystem is the primary objective American Forest and ____________ Association American Forest and ____________ Association

adopted thisadopted this

Tropical Forests- ValueTropical Forests- Value

Habitat for ______________________ of Habitat for ______________________ of plant and animal speciesplant and animal species

Climatologists reason that they are crucial in Climatologists reason that they are crucial in maintaining Earth’s ____________________maintaining Earth’s ____________________ Major _______________ for carbonMajor _______________ for carbon Restrains the ______________________ up of Restrains the ______________________ up of

atmospheric carbon dioxideatmospheric carbon dioxide

Rate of ClearanceRate of Clearance

1960-1990 445 million hectares or 1.1 billion 1960-1990 445 million hectares or 1.1 billion _____________________ cleared_____________________ cleared

1990-1995 additional _____ million hectares1990-1995 additional _____ million hectares

FiresFires

An area that is cut is __________________ to An area that is cut is __________________ to dry for a few weeks before being burneddry for a few weeks before being burned

Plumes of smoke can be ________________ Plumes of smoke can be ________________ form spaceform space

1997 “The year the Earth caught Fire” WWF1997 “The year the Earth caught Fire” WWF Tens of millions of people ___________________ Tens of millions of people ___________________

to smoke for weeks in Southeast Asiato smoke for weeks in Southeast Asia Also Brazil, Papua New Guinea, and Colombia Also Brazil, Papua New Guinea, and Colombia

Why?Why?

Countries want ____________________ Countries want ____________________ growthgrowth

Population IncreasePopulation Increase Conversion to pasture or intensive Conversion to pasture or intensive

______________________________ Clearance for ____________________ Clearance for ____________________

farmingfarming

Why? (Continued)Why? (Continued)

Many governments in the developing Many governments in the developing _______________________ are promoting _______________________ are promoting deforestation by encouraging colonizationdeforestation by encouraging colonization

Indonesia intends to __________________ 20% of Indonesia intends to __________________ 20% of remaining forest to agriculture- rice pattiesremaining forest to agriculture- rice patties

Brazil grants 250 acres of land and provides subsidies Brazil grants 250 acres of land and provides subsidies of food, money, and ___________________ to of food, money, and ___________________ to peasants who are willing to migrate to Amazonian peasants who are willing to migrate to Amazonian Rain ForestRain Forest

Africa and _____________________, tooAfrica and _____________________, too

Elements of sustainable forest Elements of sustainable forest managementmanagement• Forest resourcesForest resources: reduce deforestation, ____________ : reduce deforestation, ____________

landscapes, maintain carbon storage, support landscapes, maintain carbon storage, support conservation effortsconservation efforts

• Biological diversityBiological diversity: conserve all ________ of diversity: conserve all ________ of diversity

• Forest health and vitalityForest health and vitality: protect from fire, pests, etc.: protect from fire, pests, etc.

• Productive functionsProductive functions: wood and __________ products: wood and __________ products

• Protective functionsProtective functions: provide valuable ecosystem : provide valuable ecosystem servicesservices

• Socioeconomic functionsSocioeconomic functions: ______________, spiritual, : ______________, spiritual, recreationalrecreational

• Legal, policy, and institutional frameworkLegal, policy, and institutional framework: fair and : fair and just use of forests; proper ______________ enforcementjust use of forests; proper ______________ enforcement

Tropical forestsTropical forests

• Deforestation of tropical __________________ is of Deforestation of tropical __________________ is of special concernspecial concern– They provide habitat for millions of speciesThey provide habitat for millions of species– Between 1960 and 1990, ______ was converted to Between 1960 and 1990, ______ was converted to

other usesother uses• Countries need economic developmentCountries need economic development

– They also have rapid ____________________ growthThey also have rapid ____________________ growth• The major cause of deforestation: conversion to The major cause of deforestation: conversion to

_________________________ and agriculture_________________________ and agriculture• Governments encourage colonization of Governments encourage colonization of

forested landsforested lands– Indonesia, Africa, BrazilIndonesia, Africa, Brazil

• After slowing, deforestation ______________ are After slowing, deforestation ______________ are once again risingonce again rising

Forests provide revenueForests provide revenue• Developing countries sell logging Developing countries sell logging

____________ to multinational logging ____________ to multinational logging corporationscorporations– They harvest timber without regard to They harvest timber without regard to

________________________________________________• Chinese and other Asian companies log Chinese and other Asian companies log

______________ of acres in Belize, Suriname, ______________ of acres in Belize, Suriname, Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea– Weak regulations and corruptionWeak regulations and corruption

• Millions of people live in ________________ or Millions of people live in ________________ or on their edgeson their edges– Extracting forest goodsExtracting forest goods

• There are encouraging _________________ in There are encouraging _________________ in forest management in developing countriesforest management in developing countries

Encouraging trends in forest Encouraging trends in forest managementmanagement• Practicing sustainable managementPracticing sustainable management: 6% of tropical : 6% of tropical

forests are ___________________ a formal management forests are ___________________ a formal management planplan

• Designating areas for conservationDesignating areas for conservation: 11% of forests: 11% of forests• Establishing plantations for _________________ or Establishing plantations for _________________ or

other productsother products: reduces pressure on natural forests: reduces pressure on natural forests• Setting aside extractive _______________ for Setting aside extractive _______________ for

nontimber usesnontimber uses• Preserving forests as part of a national heritage Preserving forests as part of a national heritage

or for tourismor for tourism: can _________________ more money : can _________________ more money than loggingthan logging

• Putting forests under control of Putting forests under control of _____________________ people_____________________ people: to use sustainably: to use sustainably

A plantation forestA plantation forest

CertificationCertification• The The Forest Stewardship CouncilForest Stewardship Council: an : an

_______________ of nongovernmental _______________ of nongovernmental organizations, industry, and scientistsorganizations, industry, and scientists– To promote _________________ (responsible) To promote _________________ (responsible)

forestryforestry– Certifies forest products for the ____________ Certifies forest products for the ____________

marketmarket

• By 2010, 110 million hectares (242 million By 2010, 110 million hectares (242 million acres) in 81 countries were _____________acres) in 81 countries were _____________

• Consumers can choose wood products that Consumers can choose wood products that have been __________________ harvestedhave been __________________ harvested

Ocean EcosystemsOcean Ecosystems

11.311.3

Marine FisheriesMarine Fisheries

• Fishery: limited marine _______________ or Fishery: limited marine _______________ or a group of fish or shellfisha group of fish or shellfish

• Fisheries employ 200 million people and Fisheries employ 200 million people and provide 15% of ___________________provide 15% of ___________________

• Before 1970, 12 miles from coast was Before 1970, 12 miles from coast was international _____________________international _____________________

• By the end of the 1960s, many areas By the end of the 1960s, many areas seriously _________________ due to factory seriously _________________ due to factory ships and modern fish finding technologyships and modern fish finding technology

Shrinking the CommonsShrinking the Commons

• An agreement at U.N. Conferences on An agreement at U.N. Conferences on the Law of the ___________________ (in the Law of the ___________________ (in the mid 1970s)- nations had the mid 1970s)- nations had jurisdiction 200 miles from coastjurisdiction 200 miles from coast

• U.S. Magnuson Act of 1976- same thingU.S. Magnuson Act of 1976- same thing• These _________________ put prime These _________________ put prime

fishing grounds under authority of fishing grounds under authority of nations.nations.

• Some fisheries _____________________Some fisheries _____________________

Global Fish HarvestGlobal Fish Harvest• Pg 305, Fig 11-12Pg 305, Fig 11-12• Compare and contrast “World Catch” with “All Compare and contrast “World Catch” with “All

Aquaculture”Aquaculture”• ““Capture” fisheries __________________ off in the Capture” fisheries __________________ off in the

1980s1980s• Increase of fish productions due to Increase of fish productions due to

____________________________________• Modern tech: fish finding sonar, underwater Modern tech: fish finding sonar, underwater

television cameras, spotter planes, helicopterstelevision cameras, spotter planes, helicopters• How can they afford this tech? _______________How can they afford this tech? _______________• The fleet landed $81 billion _____________ of fish The fleet landed $81 billion _____________ of fish

at a cost of $124 billion at a cost of $124 billion

The LimitsThe Limits

• Many species and ________________ are Many species and ________________ are overfishedoverfished

• 47% of stocks are fully _______________ 47% of stocks are fully _______________ (at maximum sustainable limit)(at maximum sustainable limit)

• 18% overexploited- will likely __________ 18% overexploited- will likely __________ furtherfurther

• 10% are depleted – much less 10% are depleted – much less ___________________, less valuable fish___________________, less valuable fish

• Aquaculture helping Aquaculture helping

RestorationRestoration

• If fisheries were restored, the catch would If fisheries were restored, the catch would ______________ by 10 million metric tons______________ by 10 million metric tons

• Fishing for many ______________ would Fishing for many ______________ would have to be eliminated or greatly reducedhave to be eliminated or greatly reduced

• Johannesburg World Summit: agreement Johannesburg World Summit: agreement to restore _______________ global fisheries to restore _______________ global fisheries “on an urgent basis” by 2015“on an urgent basis” by 2015

Georges Bank, New EnglandGeorges Bank, New England

• Management councils consisted of Management councils consisted of government officials and government officials and ______________ representatives.______________ representatives.

• National Marine Fisheries Service: National Marine Fisheries Service: scientific advise- can reject scientific advise- can reject ________________ of plan________________ of plan

• Fishers complained that TACs were Fishers complained that TACs were too low, instead got _________________ too low, instead got _________________ to use nets that let small fish escapeto use nets that let small fish escape

Georges Bank, cont..Georges Bank, cont..

• Disaster- the number of fishing boats Disaster- the number of fishing boats ____________________.____________________.

• Collapse imminent- drastic actionCollapse imminent- drastic action– All vessels ___________________ days by All vessels ___________________ days by

50%50%– 1/3 of area totally closed to fishing1/3 of area totally closed to fishing– No new ____________________ allowedNo new ____________________ allowed– Buyout of fishing _________________ so Buyout of fishing _________________ so

fewer people fishingfewer people fishing

Ocean ProductivityOcean Productivity

• Why is the ocean so _______________? Why is the ocean so _______________? Even in the photic zoneEven in the photic zone

• What do we need to be _____________?What do we need to be _____________?

• Plants- ProducersPlants- Producers

• Why don’t we have many ____________?Why don’t we have many ____________?

• Missing _____________- sinking out- Missing _____________- sinking out- detrital raindetrital rain

FishingFishing

• Troll- huge _____ with weights, Troll- huge _____ with weights, • Tuna, for years caught dolphins as wellTuna, for years caught dolphins as well• Dolphins ______ with Tuna for food, so Dolphins ______ with Tuna for food, so

some fisherman didn’t mind killing some fisherman didn’t mind killing themthem

• Dolphin _____ net- anything smarter Dolphin _____ net- anything smarter than a tuna can swim outthan a tuna can swim out

• 40’s – 70’s good chance you were 40’s – 70’s good chance you were ______ dolphin with your tuna______ dolphin with your tuna

WhalingWhaling

• Whales once _______ for oil, now a delicacy Whales once _______ for oil, now a delicacy in Japan and other countriesin Japan and other countries

• International Whaling Commission at first International Whaling Commission at first tried MSY, but had trouble enforcingtried MSY, but had trouble enforcing

• IWC placed a _______ in 1986, only some IWC placed a _______ in 1986, only some allowed by Japan, Norway and some allowed by Japan, Norway and some indigenous people in Canada, Alaska, indigenous people in Canada, Alaska, GreenlandGreenland

• Still pressure to open it back upStill pressure to open it back up

Coral ReefsCoral Reefs

• Among most diverse and biologically Among most diverse and biologically _________ ecosystems _________ ecosystems

• Symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae Symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae an algae that can do ____________________an algae that can do ____________________

• Tourism, fishingTourism, fishing

• Coral Bleaching: corals loose Coral Bleaching: corals loose zooxanthellae- annual due to high temps zooxanthellae- annual due to high temps in summer but danger due to El Nino and in summer but danger due to El Nino and Global _________________Global _________________

Exploitation of Coral ReefsExploitation of Coral Reefs

• ___________________ in tropical fish- for ___________________ in tropical fish- for aquariums and foodaquariums and food

• Some use _______________ to get fish to Some use _______________ to get fish to come outcome out

• _______________ used to “stun” fish_______________ used to “stun” fish• Marine Aquarium Council: nonprofit Marine Aquarium Council: nonprofit

that _______________ marine fish sold that _______________ marine fish sold at pet stores were acquired in an at pet stores were acquired in an “eco-friendly” manner“eco-friendly” manner

MangrovesMangroves

• Just inland of _________________ reefsJust inland of _________________ reefs• Trees that can root and grow in shallow Trees that can root and grow in shallow

marine ________________________marine ________________________• Protect coasts from damage due to Protect coasts from damage due to

________________________________________________• Form a refuge and nursery for marine fishForm a refuge and nursery for marine fish• Underassault form development, logging, Underassault form development, logging,

shrimp __________________________shrimp __________________________

Public and Private Lands in the Public and Private Lands in the United StatesUnited States

• National parks and national wildlife National parks and national wildlife __________________________________________________________________

• National forestsNational forests

• Protecting ____________________ landsProtecting ____________________ lands

• ConclusionConclusion

Federal Lands (40%) in the Federal Lands (40%) in the U.S. U.S.

Wilderness Act of 1964Wilderness Act of 1964

• Provides for ____-____________ protection of Provides for ____-____________ protection of undeveloped and unexploited areas so that undeveloped and unexploited areas so that natural _______________ processes can operate natural _______________ processes can operate freelyfreely

• Permanent structures, roads, motor vehicles Permanent structures, roads, motor vehicles ______________________________________________________

• Some ___________ and mining allowed if there Some ___________ and mining allowed if there beforebefore

• _____ of land area in U.S._____ of land area in U.S.

• Preservation, _________________ conservationPreservation, _________________ conservation

National Parks and National National Parks and National Wildlife RefugesWildlife Refuges

• National Parks administered by National Parks administered by National ___________ Service (NPS)National ___________ Service (NPS)

• National Wildlife ____________ by Fish National Wildlife ____________ by Fish and Wildlife Services (FWS)and Wildlife Services (FWS)

• Intent to protect areas of great Intent to protect areas of great _____________ or unique ecological _____________ or unique ecological significance, protect important significance, protect important ______________ species, provide public ______________ species, provide public access for recreation and other usesaccess for recreation and other uses

Groups working togetherGroups working together

• Agencies, environmental groups, Agencies, environmental groups, private individuals to manage larger private individuals to manage larger ____________________________________

• Example: Greater Yellowstone Coalition Example: Greater Yellowstone Coalition ____________ Yellowstone, Grand Teton ____________ Yellowstone, Grand Teton National Park, and land surroundingNational Park, and land surrounding

• Coalition has challenged logging, Coalition has challenged logging, roads, ______________ grizzly bear roads, ______________ grizzly bear habitats, and bison that wonder offhabitats, and bison that wonder off

National ForestsNational Forests

• Only _____ of the Only _____ of the original U.S. original U.S. forests are leftforests are left

• Most U.S. Most U.S. _______________ _______________ are second are second growthgrowth

http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/lassen/fire/gallery/

National ForestsNational Forests

• In the East, forests ____________ In the East, forests ____________ privateprivate

• National Forests mostly in the WestNational Forests mostly in the West

• Administered by National Forest Administered by National Forest Service (NFS) and Bureau of Land Service (NFS) and Bureau of Land ____________ (BLM)____________ (BLM)

• Good News: ________________ no Good News: ________________ no longer a problem in U.S! longer a problem in U.S!

CertificationCertification• The The Forest Stewardship CouncilForest Stewardship Council: an alliance : an alliance

of nongovernmental __________, industry, of nongovernmental __________, industry, and scientistsand scientists– To promote sustainable (responsible) forestryTo promote sustainable (responsible) forestry– Certifies forest products for the _______ marketCertifies forest products for the _______ market

• By 2010, 110 million hectares (242 million By 2010, 110 million hectares (242 million acres) in 81 countries were _______acres) in 81 countries were _______

• Consumers can choose wood products that Consumers can choose wood products that have been ________ harvestedhave been ________ harvested

National Forest Management National Forest Management PrinciplePrinciple

• Multiple Use: 1950s and 1960s, Multiple Use: 1950s and 1960s, extracting resources, _______, extracting resources, _______, protection of wildlife and rivers.protection of wildlife and rivers.

• Was supposed to be balanced, but Was supposed to be balanced, but _________ was emphasized_________ was emphasized

• Government _______ select tracts of Government _______ select tracts of land to be leased to private logging land to be leased to private logging companies companies

Post WW IIHousing Boom

EnvironmentalConcerns

Reagan

Clinton

New Forestry = Ecosystem New Forestry = Ecosystem ManagementManagement• Cut trees less __________________Cut trees less __________________• Leave wider buffer zones along Leave wider buffer zones along

waterwayswaterways• Leave dead logs and _______________Leave dead logs and _______________• Protect ________________ landscapesProtect ________________ landscapes• Build no new roads until Build no new roads until

______________ to old ones is ______________ to old ones is addressedaddressed

Protecting Nonfederal LandsProtecting Nonfederal Lands

• landowners and townspeople want to landowners and townspeople want to _______________ land from development _______________ land from development

• Land Trust _______________: a nonprofit Land Trust _______________: a nonprofit organization that buys land to protect it frorganization that buys land to protect it fr

• Nature Conservancy: a large international Nature Conservancy: a large international trust agency that _____________ 15 million trust agency that _____________ 15 million acresacres

• Trustees of _____________________ in Trustees of _____________________ in MassachusettsMassachusetts

Conclusions?Conclusions?

• We are plundering our children’s We are plundering our children’s heritage to pay for our present heritage to pay for our present _________ practices._________ practices.

• We need a new ethic of __________.We need a new ethic of __________.– U.N. Secretary-General Kofi AnnanU.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan