CHAPTER 11: PASTORAL PEOPLES ON THE GLOBAL STAGE

CHAPTER 11: PASTORAL PEOPLES ON THE GLOBAL STAGETHE MONGOL MONUMENT 1200-1500AP WORLD HISTORYWays of the World, R.Strayer

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The Mongol MomentPastoral nomads who disdained farming while centering their economic lives around the herds of animals. Mongols did not construct elaborate cities or architecture. But left an indelible mark on the historical development of the Afro Eurasian Empire.

Mongol Empire

Pastoral SocietiesPastoral Societies generally lived in small and scattered encampments of related kinfolk rather than in villages.Pastoral peoples organized themselves in kingship or clans (ancestry). male lineFeature of pastoral society: Frequently on the move (following seasonal changes in vegetation and water supply).Lived solely on animals, also manufactured goods (animals).Chinggis Khan was able to weld together tribal alliances to become powerful states = unity= empire

Mongol characteristicsHorseriding skills was an intergral part of pastoral life. Raiding, extortion and trading. Religious tolerance: interested in learning other religions, acquiring what was convenient of each. Innovations: horse harness, saddles, iron stirrups, forms of armor, swords.

TurksTurkik language and culture spread widely over inner Asia.Turks conversion to Islam (carrier of Islam)

Turks first as soldiers (Abbasid Caliphate) then, took power and created a Slejuk Empire (11 & 12th Centuries) Persia. Claimed SULTAN

In Anatolia (Formerly Christian, they brought Islam and Turkic culture)

Created the Ottoman Empire. Transformed themselves from pastoral nomads to empires of agriarian civilization, and to monotheistic Islam

Mongol EmpireMongol Empire: Enormous destructiveness of the process and the networks of exchange and communication numbering 700,000 people. Left a modest cultural imprint. Mongols didnt leave a new language, religion or civilization. Mongols never tried to spread faith. Their religion centered on rituals invoking ancestors (shamans). Mongols conquered, defeated, subordinate and exploited people. (unlike the Turks whose language and culture flourished)

Rise of Mongol EmpireTemujin = Chinggis Khan (universal ruler) BBC Documentary Chinggis Khan

https://youtu.be/QgYYUZGNSO8?list=PL3E0AED6A18437714

Mongol MomentThe key Mongols success lay in their organized army. Mongol armies were simply better led, organized and disciplone than those of their opponentsChinggis Khan reorganized the entire social structure of the Mongols into military units of 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 warriors.Impressive discipline and loyalty to their leaders characterized Mongol military forces.

Mongol Moment: expansionLoyalty cemented by the leaders Enormous flow of wealth from conquered civilizations benefited all mongols. Slaves derived from the prisioners of war improved the social position of allMongols penetrated China, and acquired their technology and techniques.Prisioners of war from other civilizations also helped expand their knowledge. Basic element for success: Brutality and destructiveness.

The MongolsDestructiviness: annihilate a region entire population. Marco Polo: claimed that the Mongols maintained 10,000 stations in all regions, and 200,000 horses. Mongols had religious tolerance: supported and allowed.

China and the MongolsThe invasion in North China began in 1209 to 1279. (several dynasties)Song Dynasty in South China: less violent penetration, more concerned to accommodate population.Having acquired China , what were the Mongols to do with it?Extracting as much wealth as possible from the countrys advanced civilization. Doing so meant some accommodation to Chinese culture and ways of governing, for the Mongols had no experience with operation of agrarian societies.

Mongols and ChineseMongols made use of Chinese administrative techniques of taxation and their postal system. New Chinese dynastic title, the YUAN. Transfered their capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to what is now Beijing. Built a new capital known as Khanbalik (the city of Khan)

Mongols and ChinaMade a benevolent chinese emperor, to improved roads, canals, lowered taxes, limited death penalty. Mongols Khans made use of traditional confucian rituals, supported Daoist temples, attracted also tibetan form of buddhism. Still Mongols, were harsh, exploitative.Mongols did NOT become chinese. Or adopted chinese culture. Many Mongols elite preffered to live, eat, sleep in traditional tents. Still they learned Chinese language and writing.

China and MongolsMongols prohibited Chinese scholars to learn Mongol script. The Mongol ruler Khubilai Khan retained the Mongol tradition or relaying on female advisors: favorite wife CHABI. Chabi recognize the importance of tax recolecting and agriculture. By 14th century, epidemics flourished and during the Ming dynasty Mongols were wiped out of the country.

Persia and MongolsThe second great civilization conquered was the Islamic Persia. 1st invasion led by Ghinggis Khan, then 30 years later a second invasion under his grandson Hulegu, vecame the first IL KHAN (subordinate Khan) of Persia.

The Mongols were infidels in Muslim eyes, and their victory was as shock .

Massacre of more then 200,000 people (sacking of Baghdad in 1258 Abbasid Caliphate)Under torture and whipping, pushed large numbers out of land.

Mongols in PersiaMongols in Persia were transformed, they made extensive use of Persian bureaucracy, during the reign of Ghazan they made efforts to repair damage.Mongols became Muslim (in Persia only), learned Persian, and turned into agricultural people. Mongol Dynasty of Hulegus descendants collapsed in the 1330s for lack of suitable heir, Mongols were not driven out of Persia as they have been from China.

Russia and the MongolsWhen Mongols entered Russia between 1237 and 1240, it encountered a relatively new third wave civilization. (fringe of Christendom)Although Russia had interacted extensively with nomadic people of Russia they were never prepared for the Mongols The devastation wrought by the Mongol assault matched or exceeded the Chinese. City after city fell to Mongol forces, slaughter. Survivors, deported to other Mongol lands and sold to Slavery. Mongol Khanate: Kipchak Khanate. To the Russians it was the Khanate of the Golden Horde. From the Mongol point of view, Russia had little to offer. Its economy was far less developed than that of more established civilizations. Nor was it located on a major trade route.

Mongols in Russia

Russia and the MongolsMongols exploited Russia from the steppes. Russian must send tribute to the Mongol capital Sarai. Also a variety of additional taxes created beavy burden (peasants).Thousands of Russian sent to slavery. Orthodox Church flourished under the Mongol Policy of toleration, it received exemption of taxes. Moscow emerged as the primary collector of tribute for the Mongols. Mongols could dominate Russia from the steppes without any way of adopting Russian Culture.Divisions among the ongols, enabled the Russians to break the Mongls hold by the end of the fifteenth century.

Mongol Empire

Mongol Empire as a Eurasian NetworkChinese culture and Buddhism provided a measure of integration among the peoples of East Asia; Christianity did the same for Europe, while the real of Islam connected most of the lands in between.

But it was the Mongol empire during the 13 & 14th centuries that brought all of these regions into a SINGLE INTERACTING NETWORK. It was a unique moment in world history an an important step toward the global integration of modern era.

Trade Routes in Mongol Empire

Toward a World EconomyWhat did the Mongols left of their Empire?Promoted international commerce, largely so they could tax itThe Mongol Empire brought the two ends of the Eurasian world into closer contact than ever before, and launched a new phase of the Silk Road.

Diplomacy on Eurasian ScaleDiplomatic relationships from one end of Eurasia to the other. Mongol armies destroyed polish, German and Hungarian forces in 1241-1242 and seemed to march on Central and Western Europe. BUT the death of the Great Khan Ogodei required Mongol leaders to return to Mongolia and therefore, Europe was spared the trauma of conquest.

Diplomacy Mongol vs EuropeEuropean and the Pope, sent relegations to the Mongol capital, they hoped to learn something about the Mongol intentions. To secure Mongol aid in the Christian Crusades against Islam, (if possible to convert them). = Efforts in vain. The Great Khan Guyuk sent letters to the pope, demanding to submit to him. These letters, reports contribuited to a dawning European awareness of a wider world. (Information for historians)In 1278 Il Khanate of Persia sought an alliance with European powers to take Jerusalem and crush the forces of Islam, but the Persian Mongols conversion to Islam soon put an end to the coalition.

Cultural Exchange: Mongol RealmMongol capital Karakorum was a cosmopolitan city (Buddhists, Daoists, Muslims, and Christians)Mongols married Christian women.Persian and Arabs doctors were sent abroad, administrator from China, Chinese physicians found their skills in the Islamic World. Europeans benefited from the new technology , new crops, new knowledge of these new phase of Silk Road rebuilted by the Mongols.

The Plague: An Afro Eurasian PandemicResults of the extensive network participation = Plague, pestilence = BLACK DEATHOriginating most probably from ChinaBacteria called Yersinia Pestis14th century rodents and fleas transmitted the disease to humans.In 1409 the plague reached East Africa (Chinese maritime expeditions)Effects? High fever, internal bleeding. The plague claimed thousands of humans, causing contraction in population 70-90% affected.

Black DeathIn 1350 it reached EgyptThe Middle Eas lost perhards 1/3 of population by the 15th century.India and Subsahara were much less affected. China, Islamic world and Europe also suffered severe decline in population. Italian Renaissance scholar Francesco Petrarch was stunned by the Black Death so many have died, many believe its the end of the world.

Black Death and the end of Mongols commerce routesLabor shortages provoked sharp conflict betwen scarce workers. Series of peasants revolts in the 14th century reflected this tension. Labor shortages also fostered greater interest on technological innovation.Black Death also diminished trade in networks. Mongol Empire in disarray.

Mongol Empire