chapter 11 mountain building e.notebook...chapter 11 mountain building e.notebook 3 december 21,...

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Chapter 11 mountain building E.notebook 1 December 21, 2015 Feb 198:19 AM Mountains form along convergent plate boundaries. Typically (usually) if you look at a mountain range, you know that it is at a plate boundary (active continental margin) or has been some time in the past Appalachian Mountains = used to be at a convergent boundary Himalaya Mountains = on a current convergent boundary Feb 199:22 AM There are two kinds of continental margins (boundary between oceanic and continental crust) 1. Margins that are found on plate boundaries (active continental margins) 2. Margins that are found within a plate (passive) Both contribute to the building of mountains but in different ways. Passive margins only add accumulated sediment built up on the edge of a continent over hundreds, thousands, or millions of years and won't contribute to creating a mountain until the boundary becomes active Jan 1011:27 AM Jan 1011:29 AM Jan 1011:35 AM Feb 199:28 AM Stress is the force that deforms rocks. Mountains form when rocks are permanently deformed from stress. There are three primary kinds of stress. 1. Tension (pulling) this will make a rock thinner and longer Tensional stress creates normal faults. Normal faults occur when the hanging wall falls down in relation to the foot wall

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Page 1: Chapter 11 mountain building E.notebook...Chapter 11 mountain building E.notebook 3 December 21, 2015 Feb 198:26 AM Tensional stress cause this rock to create several successive normal

Chapter 11 mountain building E.notebook

1

December 21, 2015

Feb 19­8:19 AM

Mountains form along convergent plate boundaries. Typically (usually) if you look at a mountain range, you know that it is at a plate boundary (active continental margin) or has been some time in the past

Appalachian Mountains = used to be at a convergent boundary

Himalaya Mountains = on a current convergent boundary

Feb 19­9:22 AM

There are two kinds of continental margins (boundary between oceanic and continental crust)

1. Margins that are found on plate boundaries (active continental margins)

2. Margins that are found within a plate (passive)

Both contribute to the building of mountains but in different ways. Passive margins only add accumulated sediment built up on the edge of a continent over hundreds, thousands, or millions of years and won't contribute to creating a mountain until the boundary becomes active

Jan 10­11:27 AM Jan 10­11:29 AM

Jan 10­11:35 AM Feb 19­9:28 AM

Stress is the force that deforms rocks. Mountains form when rocks are permanently deformed from stress. There are three primary kinds of stress. 

1. Tension (pulling) this will make a rock thinner and longer

Tensional stress creates normal faults. Normal faults occur when the hanging wall falls down in relation to the foot wall

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Chapter 11 mountain building E.notebook

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December 21, 2015

Jan 10­1:17 PM Feb 19­10:00 AM

Normal fault

Feb 19­9:59 AM Jan 10­1:15 PM

Jan 10­1:15 PM Feb 19­8:28 AM

Normal fault

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Chapter 11 mountain building E.notebook

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December 21, 2015

Feb 19­8:26 AM

Tensional stress cause this rock to create several successive normal faults

Feb 19­8:27 AM

The hanging wall is the dark basalt on the left (west). The footwall is the sandstone on the right (east).

Feb 19­8:28 AM

Normal faulting

Feb 19­9:48 AM

Compressional stress: Rock layers are being squeezed making them shorter and thicker

Compressional stress can create reverse faults and folds

Feb 19­10:00 AM Feb 19­9:55 AM

Compression can make a type of reverse fault called a thrust fault if the fault plain is 45 degrees or less from the horizontal plane

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Chapter 11 mountain building E.notebook

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December 21, 2015

Feb 19­8:29 AM

Reverse fault

Feb 19­8:30 AM

Fault plane

Feb 19­8:31 AM

This thrust (reverse fault) is approximately horizontal...you can see the anticline in the hanging wall and the syncline in the footwall

Reverse fault and folding

Feb 19­9:55 AM

Feb 19­8:32 AM Feb 19­8:31 AM

Chief mountain is a good example of how faulting can create peaks. The hanging wall is the prominent peak. The footwall is the dark shale covered in vegetation 

Reverse fault

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Chapter 11 mountain building E.notebook

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December 21, 2015

Feb 19­12:21 PM

Compression can cause folding of rock if it is deep in the ground (warmer) or the rock is ductile. Folds can also occur if the stress is exerted slowly over a very long period of time

Feb 19­12:16 PM

Parts of a fold

1. Anticline2. Syncline3. Limb4. Dip5. Strike

Feb 19­9:49 AM Feb 19­9:58 AM

Feb 19­9:49 AM Feb 19­9:58 AM

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December 21, 2015

Feb 19­9:50 AM Feb 19­9:51 AM

Feb 19­9:52 AM Feb 19­9:53 AM

Feb 19­8:34 AM Feb 19­8:35 AM

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Chapter 11 mountain building E.notebook

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December 21, 2015

Feb 19­8:35 AM

Upright folds

Feb 19­8:36 AM

Feb 19­8:36 AM Feb 19­8:37 AM

Chevron folds

Feb 19­8:37 AM

Ptygmatic folds

Feb 19­8:37 AM

Disharmonic folds

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December 21, 2015

Feb 19­8:38 AM Feb 19­12:32 PM

Joints are cracks in rocks that have no movement along the plain of the crack. 

Joints can be caused by several factors...

1. Rebound of rock that has been compressed

2. swelling or shrinking of rock layers

Feb 19­8:39 AM Feb 19­8:39 AM

Exfoliation joints

Feb 19­8:39 AM

Exfoliation joints

Feb 19­8:40 AM

Jointing

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December 21, 2015

Feb 19­8:40 AM

Joints filled in with minerals

Feb 19­8:40 AM

Joints filled in with minerals

Feb 19­9:48 AM

Sheer stress: Involves stress moving in opposite directions away from each other, with little up or down movement

Sheer stress creates strike slip faults

Feb 19­9:55 AM

Feb 19­10:00 AM Feb 19­8:33 AM

Strike­slip fault

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December 21, 2015

Jan 13­11:13 AM

TYPES OF MOUNTAINS

1. Folded2. Volcanic3. Dome4. Fault Block5. Horsts and Grabens

Jan 13­11:15 AM

FOLDEDCaused by continental collision

Folded mountains have characteristic anticlines and synclines

Evidence of some volcanic activity is typical, and this occurs when the oceanic basin is being subducted under the continent before the collision of the two converging continents occurs.

Sediment that has build up on the passive continental margin is also pushed up during collision to adds to the material forming the  folded mountains  

Examples of folded mountains are the Himalayan and the Appalachian mountains

Jan 13­11:28 AM Jan 13­11:30 AM

Jan 13­11:30 AM Jan 13­11:35 AM

DOME

Dome mountains are nearly circular folded mountains but do not form in belts. instead they are individual and isolated

Dome mountains can occur from uplifting forces in the ground or from plutonic activity (like a laccolith) pushing up overlying flat layers

* plutonic dome* tectonic dome

Examples of dome mountains are the Adirondack mountains of NY and the Black Hills in SD

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December 21, 2015

Jan 13­11:43 AM Jan 13­11:45 AM

Jan 13­12:52 PM Jan 13­11:45 AM

VolcanicVolcanic mountains tend to form on continental crust near a subduction boundary

Andes Mountains are an example on the western side (oceanic material is subducting below the South American continent) of South America

Jan 13­11:48 AM

FAULT BLOCK Tensional stress on rocks produce normal faults which can result in the formation of fault block mountains

The tension responsible for the formation of fault block mountains comes from uplift 

Examples of fault block mountains are the Sierra Nevada range in California and the Wasatch Range in Utah

Jan 13­11:52 AM

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December 21, 2015

Jan 13­11:53 AM Jan 13­11:55 AM

Jan 13­11:56 AM

HORSTS AND GRABENS

Caused by tensional stress and normal faulting 

Caused from the stretching of tectonic plates. 

Examples are the great rift valley in Africa (where the continent is being ripped apart) and the Basin and range province in NV

Feb 19­9:54 AM

Jan 13­1:20 PM Jan 13­1:22 PM

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December 21, 2015

Feb 19­9:54 AM