chapter 11, section 3 the mexican-american war. manifest destiny american expansion depended on...

Chapter 11, Chapter 11, Section 3Section 3The Mexican-American WarThe Mexican-American War

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

American expansion depended on landAmerican expansion depended on land By 1840’s, the United States had a By 1840’s, the United States had a

strong economy and rising populationstrong economy and rising population Needed more room for farms, ranches, Needed more room for farms, ranches,

businesses, and familiesbusinesses, and families

Americans looked to the West as theirs Americans looked to the West as theirs for the takingfor the taking


Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny Belief that it was the obvious fate of the Belief that it was the obvious fate of the

United States to settle land all the way to the United States to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean to spread democracyPacific Ocean to spread democracy

Coined by John O’SullivanCoined by John O’Sullivan Heavily tied to the issue of slaveryHeavily tied to the issue of slavery

Would expansion allow for slavery?Would expansion allow for slavery?


President John TylerPresident John Tyler Pro-slavery WhigPro-slavery Whig Wanted to increase Southern power in Congress by Wanted to increase Southern power in Congress by

admitting Texas to the Union as a slave stateadmitting Texas to the Union as a slave state His Whig party disagreed with his plansHis Whig party disagreed with his plans

Election of 1844Election of 1844 Tyler was not re-nominated by the Whig PartyTyler was not re-nominated by the Whig Party

Henry Clay chosen insteadHenry Clay chosen instead Democratic Republican selected James K. PolkDemocratic Republican selected James K. Polk James K. Polk defeated Henry Clay and became James K. Polk defeated Henry Clay and became

PresidentPresident

Acquiring New TerritoryAcquiring New Territory

President James K. Polk set out to annex President James K. Polk set out to annex Oregon and Texas as he had promised in his Oregon and Texas as he had promised in his presidential campaignpresidential campaign Annexation of Oregon would provide the United Annexation of Oregon would provide the United

States with a Pacific Ocean port important for their States with a Pacific Ocean port important for their growing trade with Chinagrowing trade with China

Dispute with Great Britain over where to draw Dispute with Great Britain over where to draw the United States-Canada borderthe United States-Canada border American expansionists called for the border to be American expansionists called for the border to be

drawn at 54º40’ latitude or wardrawn at 54º40’ latitude or war


Neither Great Britain nor the United Neither Great Britain nor the United States wanted a warStates wanted a war A treaty was signed between Great Britain A treaty was signed between Great Britain

and the United States and the United States Granted all of Oregon territory south of the 49Granted all of Oregon territory south of the 49thth

parallel to the United Statesparallel to the United States Present day borderPresent day border


TexasTexas March 1845, Congress approved annexation and March 1845, Congress approved annexation and

only needed the support of the Republic of Texas only needed the support of the Republic of Texas Texas politicians favored annexation in hopes that Texas politicians favored annexation in hopes that

the United States would help solve their military and the United States would help solve their military and financial problemsfinancial problems

Texas annexed in December of 1845Texas annexed in December of 1845

Mexican government angered by annexationMexican government angered by annexation Considered Texas a stolen province Considered Texas a stolen province

California Under MexicoCalifornia Under Mexico


18461846 Mexico still controlled present day New Mexico, Mexico still controlled present day New Mexico,

Nevada, Arizona, and CaliforniaNevada, Arizona, and California Area previously controlled by Spain and Area previously controlled by Spain and

dominated by the mission systemdominated by the mission system Mission system faded in present day New Mexico, Mission system faded in present day New Mexico,

Nevada, and ArizonaNevada, and Arizona Missions gave way to villagesMissions gave way to villages

Missions remained the focus of daily life in CaliforniaMissions remained the focus of daily life in California


Spanish MissionsSpanish Missions Huge farming and ranching operationsHuge farming and ranching operations Used labor of Native AmericansUsed labor of Native Americans

Some Native Americans came to missions Some Native Americans came to missions willingly, others were forcedwillingly, others were forced

Usually not allowed to leave the mission after Usually not allowed to leave the mission after they arrivedthey arrived

Forced assimilationForced assimilation Clothing, food, and religionClothing, food, and religion

Sold goods to local pueblosSold goods to local pueblos


After winning independence from Spain After winning independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico began to change policies in 1821, Mexico began to change policies in California and Texasin California and Texas Ended the mission systemEnded the mission system

Mission lands were broken up and given to Mission lands were broken up and given to wealthy California citizenswealthy California citizens

Created large ranches managed by Created large ranches managed by vaquerosvaqueros CowboysCowboys

Life changed very little for Native AmericansLife changed very little for Native Americans Still hard laborersStill hard laborers

The CaliforniosThe Californios

CaliforniosCalifornios Early California settlersEarly California settlers Vast distance between California and the center of Vast distance between California and the center of

Mexico’s new government-felt little connection to Mexico’s new government-felt little connection to MexicoMexico

Reputation for horse riding and hospitalityReputation for horse riding and hospitality Small number of United States settlers arrivedSmall number of United States settlers arrived

Dubbed the Anglos by the CaliforniosDubbed the Anglos by the Californios Calls for California independence increased Calls for California independence increased

tensions between the United States and tensions between the United States and MexicoMexico

Mexican-American War: Mexican-American War: Conflict Breaks OutConflict Breaks Out

Tense diplomatic relations between Mexico Tense diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United Statesand the United States Caused by US involvement in Texas and CaliforniaCaused by US involvement in Texas and California

Border DisputeBorder Dispute Mexico claimed its border to be along the Nueces Mexico claimed its border to be along the Nueces

RiverRiver United States claimed it to be south along the Rio United States claimed it to be south along the Rio

GrandeGrande June of 1845, President James K. Polk ordered June of 1845, President James K. Polk ordered

General Zachary Taylor to lead an army into the General Zachary Taylor to lead an army into the disputed regiondisputed region

Mexican-American War: Mexican-American War: Conflict Breaks OutConflict Breaks Out

Mexican-American War: Conflict Breaks Mexican-American War: Conflict Breaks OutOut

United States diplomat John Slidell was sent to United States diplomat John Slidell was sent to Mexico City to try to settle the border disputeMexico City to try to settle the border dispute Offered to purchase New Mexico and California for Offered to purchase New Mexico and California for

$30 mil$30 mil Mexican officials refused to speak with him Mexican officials refused to speak with him

March, 1846March, 1846 General Zachary Taylor led his army to the Rio General Zachary Taylor led his army to the Rio

GrandeGrande Told by Mexican military to withdraw his troops from the Told by Mexican military to withdraw his troops from the

areaarea Mexican and US army clashedMexican and US army clashed

Several US soldiers were killed Several US soldiers were killed United States declared war on MexicoUnited States declared war on Mexico

War Breaks OutWar Breaks Out

At the beginning of the war, the United States At the beginning of the war, the United States was better supplied but outnumbered and was better supplied but outnumbered and poorly preparedpoorly prepared US Government put out a call for volunteers to fight-US Government put out a call for volunteers to fight-

asked for 50,000asked for 50,000 200,000 responded200,000 responded

Young men seeking adventureYoung men seeking adventure Many Americans supported the warMany Americans supported the war War opposed by Whig party and Northern War opposed by Whig party and Northern

abolitionistsabolitionists Feared the spread of slavery into southern landsFeared the spread of slavery into southern lands

War BeginsWar Begins

United States General Zachary Taylor Won United States General Zachary Taylor Won battles south of the Nueces Riverbattles south of the Nueces River Proceeded across the Rio Grande and occupied Proceeded across the Rio Grande and occupied

Matamoros, Mexico to wait for more troopsMatamoros, Mexico to wait for more troops

General Stephen Kearny ordered by President General Stephen Kearny ordered by President James K. Polk to attack New MexicoJames K. Polk to attack New Mexico Captured the city of Santa FeCaptured the city of Santa Fe Claimed New Mexico for the United StatesClaimed New Mexico for the United States Marched west into CaliforniaMarched west into California

The Bear Flag RevoltThe Bear Flag Revolt

Small community of American settlers Small community of American settlers seized the California town of Sonomaseized the California town of Sonoma

Bear Flag RevoltBear Flag Revolt American settlers declared California to be American settlers declared California to be

an independent nationan independent nation Hoisted a flag of a grizzly bear facing a red Hoisted a flag of a grizzly bear facing a red

starstar

The Bear Flag RevoltThe Bear Flag Revolt John C. FremontJohn C. Fremont

American Army CaptainAmerican Army Captain At the time of the revolt, he was on a mapping At the time of the revolt, he was on a mapping

expedition in Sierra Nevadaexpedition in Sierra Nevada Joined the revolting forces in SonomaJoined the revolting forces in Sonoma

End of the RevoltEnd of the Revolt United States navy came ashore in California and United States navy came ashore in California and

raised the American flagraised the American flag General Stephen Kearny’s forces arrived from the General Stephen Kearny’s forces arrived from the

easteast California was claimed for the United StatesCalifornia was claimed for the United States Californios surrendered in early 1847Californios surrendered in early 1847

War EndsWar Ends

War’s EndWar’s End

General Zachary Taylor pushed his forces General Zachary Taylor pushed his forces deep into Mexicodeep into Mexico

Santa Anna ReturnedSanta Anna Returned Thrown from office after the loss of TexasThrown from office after the loss of Texas Returned to power in 1847Returned to power in 1847 Pursued General Zachary Taylor’s armyPursued General Zachary Taylor’s army

Battle at Buena VistaBattle at Buena Vista Heavy casualties on both sidesHeavy casualties on both sides Mexican army forced to retreatMexican army forced to retreat Taylor became a war heroTaylor became a war hero


President James K. Polk was troubled by President James K. Polk was troubled by General Zachary Taylor’s popularityGeneral Zachary Taylor’s popularity When Taylor’s progress in the war stalled, President When Taylor’s progress in the war stalled, President

Polk gave the command to General Winfield ScottPolk gave the command to General Winfield Scott Beloved leaderBeloved leader Known as “Old Fuss and Feathers” because of his strict Known as “Old Fuss and Feathers” because of his strict

military disciplinemilitary discipline

General Winfield Scott and his forces said to General Winfield Scott and his forces said to the port of Veracruz (strongest fortress in the port of Veracruz (strongest fortress in Mexico)Mexico)


88 hour assault on Veracruz resulted in a 88 hour assault on Veracruz resulted in a victory for the United Statesvictory for the United States

General Scott penetrated the Mexican General Scott penetrated the Mexican interior towards Mexico Cityinterior towards Mexico City

September 1847, Mexico City fell to September 1847, Mexico City fell to United States forcesUnited States forces Santa Anna fled the countrySanta Anna fled the country

American Settlement in the Mexican CessionAmerican Settlement in the Mexican Cession Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the warEnded the war Forced Mexico to turn over much of its northern Forced Mexico to turn over much of its northern

territory to the United States territory to the United States Known as the Mexican CessionKnown as the Mexican Cession

United States acquired present dayUnited States acquired present day CaliforniaCalifornia Most of New MexicoMost of New Mexico NevadaNevada Most of ArizonaMost of Arizona UtahUtah Parts of Colorado and WyomingParts of Colorado and Wyoming Land north of the Rio GrandeLand north of the Rio Grande

Size of the United States increased by 25%Size of the United States increased by 25%

Agreements and Agreements and PaymentsPayments

The United States agreed to pay Mexico The United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million for the land$15 million for the land

The United States also assumed $3 The United States also assumed $3 million in claims against Mexicomillion in claims against Mexico

The United States granted Mexican The United States granted Mexican citizens living in the United States rightscitizens living in the United States rights

Agreements and Agreements and PaymentsPayments

United States hoped for a railroad United States hoped for a railroad entirely on American soilentirely on American soil

James GadsdenJames Gadsden US Minister to MexicoUS Minister to Mexico Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase

Purchase of parts of Arizona and New MexicoPurchase of parts of Arizona and New Mexico United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 millionUnited States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million

Surge of American Surge of American SettlersSettlers

Americans flooded to the SouthwestAmericans flooded to the Southwest Struggle of land and resources between Struggle of land and resources between

settlers and longtime residentssettlers and longtime residents Racism against Mexicans, Native Racism against Mexicans, Native

Americans, and Mexican Americans by Americans, and Mexican Americans by white settlerswhite settlers


Treaty of Guadalupe promised to protect Treaty of Guadalupe promised to protect the rights of Mexican Americans, but the the rights of Mexican Americans, but the differences between Mexican and differences between Mexican and American land led to confusionAmerican land led to confusion Mexican Americans were often forced to go Mexican Americans were often forced to go

to court with land titles to prove land to court with land titles to prove land ownershipownership Legal battles often bankrupted landownersLegal battles often bankrupted landowners


American settlers also battled with Native American settlers also battled with Native Americans for landAmericans for land Settlers often tried to take control of valuable Settlers often tried to take control of valuable

resources resources Settlers did not respect Native Americans Settlers did not respect Native Americans

holy landsholy lands Navajo and Apache tribes tried to protect Navajo and Apache tribes tried to protect

their land and livestock for settlerstheir land and livestock for settlers

Cultural EncountersCultural Encounters

Different cultures shaped one another in the Different cultures shaped one another in the SouthwestSouthwest

Laws printed in both Spanish and EnglishLaws printed in both Spanish and English Cities such as San Antonio and Santa Barbara Cities such as San Antonio and Santa Barbara

reflect Spanish heritagereflect Spanish heritage Cities such as Taos and Tesuque reflect Native Cities such as Taos and Tesuque reflect Native

American influence American influence Communities often celebrated both American Communities often celebrated both American

and Mexican holidaysand Mexican holidays

Cultural EncountersCultural Encounters

Mexican and Native American knowledge and Mexican and Native American knowledge and traditions also shaped many local economiestraditions also shaped many local economies Mexican Americans taught US settlers about miningMexican Americans taught US settlers about mining Ranching communities were often first started by Ranching communities were often first started by

Mexican settlersMexican settlers Introduced new types of horse saddlesIntroduced new types of horse saddles

AdobeAdobe Developed by the Anasazi Native AmericansDeveloped by the Anasazi Native Americans Still used as building material todayStill used as building material today

TradeTrade Exchange of different goods Exchange of different goods

Water RightsWater Rights

In the Eastern United States, water-use In the Eastern United States, water-use laws commonly required land owners laws commonly required land owners whose property bordered streams or whose property bordered streams or rivers to maintain free flow of waterrivers to maintain free flow of water Restricted from dam building as to not Restricted from dam building as to not

infringe on water rights of downstream infringe on water rights of downstream neighborsneighbors

Water RightsWater Rights Southwestern United States ClimateSouthwestern United States Climate

DryDry Did not permit for large-scale agriculture without irrigationDid not permit for large-scale agriculture without irrigation

Dams and canals requiredDams and canals required Conflicted with the accepted Eastern tradition of equal access to waterConflicted with the accepted Eastern tradition of equal access to water

Brigham YoungBrigham Young Established a strict code regulating water rights for the Established a strict code regulating water rights for the

Mormon communityMormon community In any dispute, the good of the community would outweigh the In any dispute, the good of the community would outweigh the

interests of individualsinterests of individuals

His approach stood as an example for Western water lawsHis approach stood as an example for Western water laws

chapter 11, section 3 the mexican-american war. manifest destiny american expansion depended on...

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