chapter 11 skeletal system. points to ponder what are the 5 functions of the skeletal system? what...
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Chapter 11
Skeletal System
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Points to Ponder• What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?• What are the parts of a long bone?• How do bones grow, remodel and repair?• How are hormones involved in bone growth?• What is osteoporosis?• How are age, gender and ethnicity determined
through skeletal remains?• What are the components of the axial and
appendicular skeletons?• What are synovial joints and what kind of
angular movements to they allow?
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
1. Supports the body
2. Protects the soft body parts
3. Produces blood cells
4. Stores minerals (calcium and phosphate) and fat
5. Allows for movement by attaching muscles
11.1 Overview of the skeletal system
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What is the anatomy of a long bone?
• Diaphysis – shaft of the bone made of compact bone and filled with yellow marrow
• Epiphysis – ends of the bone made mostly of spongy bone
• Articular cartilage – hyaline cartilage found on the ends of long bones
• Yellow bone marrow – stores fat• Red bone marrow – makes blood cells
found in spongy bone and flat bones
• Periosteum – living, outer covering of fibrous connective tissue
• Ligaments – fibrous connective tissue that connects bones
11.1 Overview of the skeletal system
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More detail on bone…
• Compact bone– Composed of osteons with
a central canal containing blood vessels
– Contains living bone cells called osteocytes chambers called lacunae
• Spongy bone– Made of plates with spaces
filled with red bone marrow
11.1 Overview of the skeletal system
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Where are the 3 types of cartilage found?
• Cartilage – flexible connective tissue categorized based on the type and arrangement of matrix fibers
• Types:– Hyaline cartilage – ends of long bones, nose, ends of
ribs, larynx and trachea– Fibrocartilage – disks between vertebrae and in the
knee; stronger than hyaline cartilage– Elastic cartilage – ear flaps and epiglottis; more
flexible than hyaline cartilage
11.1 Overview of the skeletal system
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What are the important cells in bone growth, remodeling and repair?
• Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells
• Osteocytes – mature bone cells that maintain bone structure derived from osteoblasts
• Osteoclasts – bone-absorbing cells
• Chondroytes – cartilage-forming cells
11.2 Bone growth, remodeling and repair
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How does bone develop?
Ossification - the formation of bone in two distinct ways:
1. Intramembranous ossification - bone development between sheets of fibrous connective tissue; used in flat bones
2. Endochondrial ossification – cartilage is replaced by bone; used by most bones
11.2 Bone growth, remodeling and repair
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How does endochondral ossification occur?
1st Cartilage model – chondrocytes lay down hyaline cartilage in the shape of the future bones
2nd Bone collar formation – osteoblasts secrete bone matrix and results in a collar made of compact bone
3rd Primary ossification center – osteoblasts are brought interiorly by blood and lay down spongy bone
4th Secondary ossification sites – bone centers in the epiphyses formed after birth
5th Epiphyseal plate – a cartilage band that acts as a growth plate that allows bones to lengthen
11.2 Bone growth, remodeling and repair
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Visualizing endochondral ossification
11.2 Bone growth, remodeling and repair
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How do bones lengthen?
11.2 Bone growth, remodeling and repair
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How do hormones affect bone growth?
• Growth hormone (GH) – stimulates general bone growth and the epiphyseal plates
• Sex hormones – increases growth during adolescence
• Vitamin D – converted to a hormone to allow calcium absorption in the intestine
11.2 Bone growth, remodeling and repair
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What is bone remodeling and what is its role in homeostasis?
• Bone remodeling – bone renewal at a rate of up to 18% per year
• Remodeling allows bones to respond to stress
• Regulates the calcium in the blood through hormones:– Parathyroid hormone (PTH) – increases blood
calcium by accelerating bone recycling– Calcitonin – decreases blood calcium
11.2 Bone growth, remodeling and repair
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Health focus: Osteoporosis
• Osteoporosis – bones are weakened due to a decreased bone mass
• Bone reabsorption exceeds absorption usually by age 40
• Risk factors: women, white or Asian, thin, family history, early menopause, smoking, diet low in calcium, excessive caffeine or alcohol consumption and a sedentary lifestyle
• Can lead to fractures and other complications
• Can be treated with drugs, hormones and lifestyle change
11.2 Bone growth, remodeling and repair
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Steps in bone repair • Hematoma (6-8 hrs.) – blood clot formed between
broken bones
• Fibrocartilaginous callus (~ 3 weeks) – cartilaginous callus forms between broken bones
• Bony callus (3-4 months) – cartilaginous callus is turned to bone
• Remodeling – old bone tissue is replaced by new bone tissue
11.2 Bone growth, remodeling and repair
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Bone repair11.2 Bone growth, remodeling and repair
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The 206 bones of the skeleton
11.3 Bones of the axial skeleton
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Science focus: Skeletal remains
Characteristics to be determined:1. Age: approximated through dentition,
studying areas of bone ossification and joint condition
2. Gender: pelvic bone is best used, thickness of long bones, skull characteristics
3. Ethnicity: difficult to tell but skull characteristics are most useful
11.3 Bones of the axial skeleton
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The axial skeleton• Skull – made of cranium and facial bones
• Hyoid bone
• Vertebral column – vertebrae and intervertebral disks
• Rib cage – ribs and sternum
11.3 Bones of the axial skeleton
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The skull – the cranium
• Cranium– Protects the brain– Composed of 8 bones– Some contain sinuses
11.3 Bones of the axial skeleton
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Bones of the face and the hyoid bone• Facial bones
– Mandible– Maxillae– Zygomatic bones– Nasal bones
• Hyoid– Only bone that does
not articulate with another bone
11.3 Bones of the axial skeleton
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The vertebral column
• Types of vertebrae – 33 vertebrae
• Cervical (7)• Thoracic (12)• Lumbar (5)• Sacrum (5 fused)• Coccyx (4 fused into
tailbone)
• Intervertebral disks– Fibrocartilage between
vertebrae
11.3 Bones of the axial skeleton
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The rib cage
• Ribs – protects heart and lungs– Flattened bone originating
from the thoracic vertebrae– 12 pairs:
• 7 pr. true ribs
• 3 pr. false ribs
• 2 pr. floating ribs
• Sternum– Known as the breastbone
11.3 Bones of the axial skeleton
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The appendicular skeleton
• Pectoral girdle and upper limb
• Pelvic girdle and lower limb
11.4 Bones of the appendicular skeleton
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The appendicular skeleton
• Pectoral girdle – Scapula and clavicle
• Upper limb – Arm and hand bones
11.4 Bones of the appendicular skeleton
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The appendicular skeleton
• Pelvic girdle – coxal bone
• Lower limb– Leg and foot bones
11.4 Bones of the appendicular skeleton
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Types of joints (where bones meet bones)
• Fibrous – usually immovable such as the sutures between cranial bones
• Cartilaginous – tend to be slightly movable such as the intervertebral disks
• Synovial – freely movable joints such as the ball-and-socket hip and shoulder joints and the knee joint
11.5 Articulations
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Anatomy of a synovial joint
11.5 Articulations
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Summary of synovial joints movements
• Flexion – decrease in joint angle
• Extension - increase in joint angle
• Adduction – body part moves toward midline
• Abduction – body part moves away from midline
• Inversion – sole of foot turns inward
• Eversion – sole of foot turns outward
11.5 Articulations
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Visualizing synovial joints movements11.5 Articulations