chapter 11: the eyes

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SPECIAL SENSES: EYES

Chapter 11

Classroom Activity to AccompanyMedical Terminology Simplified,Fourth EditionBarbara A. Gylys Regina M. Masters


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Copyright 2010 by F.A. Davis Company.

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Structure Globe-shaped, 2.5 cm in

diameter

Three layers

ibrous outer tunic Vascular middle tunic Sensory inner tunic

Spaces within the eye arefilled with fluids tosupport internalstructures

11 SPECIAL SENSES: EYES


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Function Eyes and accessory structures

Receptor organs provide vision.

Refraction system focuses light rays onreceptors in the retina.



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Structure and Function Exercise

Q: What is the composition of the outer layer of the eyeball?

A: Sclera, white of eye, is the outer layer and is made offibrous connective tissue.

Q: What does the middle layer of the eyeball consist of?

A: The middle layer is the vascular layer. It includes choroid,ciliary body, and iris.

Q: What does the inner layer consist of?

A: The inner tunic consists of the retina, which contains thevisual receptor cells (photoreceptors).



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CataractSigns and Symptoms

Opacity or cloudiness of lens or its surroundingmembrane.

Develops slowly, most frequently due to agingand can be familial.

May occur after eye injury or surgery, or withdiabetes.

Gradual loss or blurring of vision, but painless.

As cataract matures, pupil of the eye may appearwhite.

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CataractTreatment

Depends on degree of visual impairment.

Depends on age, general health, andoccupation of the individual.

Glasses for mild cases. Surgery when

vision is impaired. Surgical extraction of defective lens.



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CataractTreatment (continued)

Lens extraction followed by use of

eyeglasses, contact lenses, or surgicallyimplanted lenses called intraocular lenses(IOLs).

Two most common surgical methods toremove cataracts: phacoemulsification andintracapsular and extracapsular extraction.



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Clinically Related ExerciseQ: An 80-year-old woman presents for an annual check up and asks the

ophthalmologist what causes cataracts.

A: The doctor explains it is a change in chemical composition of the lenswith loss of lens transparency. Also, it is attributed to aging (senile

cataracts), eye injuries (traumatic cataracts), certain diseases(secondary cataracts), and heredity or birth defects (congenitalcataracts).

Q: Mary presents to OP surgery for cataract repair. The surgeon will useultrasonic vibrations to break the lens into tiny particles and thensuction it out of the eye. This surgical procedure is called

(keratectomy, laser iridectomy, phacoemulsification).A: phacoemulsification

Q: Fred is having cataract surgery followed by a surgically implantedlens. The abbreviation for intraocular lenses is _________________.

A: IOL



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StrabismusSigns and Symptoms

Eyes cannot be

directed to focus onthe same object.

Esotropia, also calledcross-eye

Exotropia, alsocalled wall-eye



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StrabismusTreatment Depends on the cause.

Often consists of covering the normal eye,forcing the child to use the deviating one.

Exercises and corrective lenses may beordered.

Surgical correction may be necessary.



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Clinically Related ExerciseQ: When eyes deviate from the normal position toward various directions, the

diagnosis is _____________________.

A: strabismus

Q: A 5-year-old girl is diagnosed with strabismus. She has a deviation of one

eye toward the other eye. This is often referred to as cross-eye. Themedical term for this type of strabismus is __________________.

A: esotropia

Q: A 7-year-old boy displays deviation of the visual axis of one eye towardthe other and complains of double vision. The MA charts the symptom ofdouble vision as _________________.

A: diplopiaQ: Toms right eye intermittently deviates away from the other eye. The

medical term for this type of strabismus is __________________.

A: exotropia



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GlaucomaSigns and Symptoms Accumulatedfluid

pressure within theeye damages theretina and optic nerve,often causingblindness.



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GlaucomaSigns and Symptoms (continued)

Common forms develop asymptomatically.

Often not detected until irreparabledamage occurs to the retinas or opticnerves.

When symptoms appear late, they may

include aching eyes and visualdisturbances such as seeing halos aroundlights or a noticeable loss of peripheralvision.



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GlaucomaTreatment Standard course of treatment is drug

therapy. Certain types of drugs may be applied to

the surface of the eye to decreaseintraocular pressure.

Other drugs may be prescribed thatdecrease production of aqueous humor.

Severe cases employ laser surgery topromote drainage of aqueous humor.



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Clinically Related ExerciseQ: The ophthalmologist diagnoses Mrs. J with increased intraocular pressure.

The abbreviation for this diagnosis is _____________.

A: IOP

Q: A 67-year-old is diagnosed with glaucoma. The physician prescribes eye

drops to decrease aqueous humor production in the eyes. This type ofmedication is known as an _____________________ agent.

A: antiglaucoma

Q: Mary presents with complaints of aching eyes and seeing halos aroundlights. The ophthalmologist finds an increase in intraocular pressure andchart the diagnosis as ________________________.

A: glaucoma

Q: The patient asks the ophthalmologist about complications of not treatingher glaucoma.

A: He tells her that accumulatedfluid produces pressure within the eye whichdamages the retina and optic nerve, and leads to total loss of vision.



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Medical Vocabulary achromatopsia

apnea

astigmatism blepharospasm

conjunctivitis

dacryorrhea diabetic retinopathy

diplopia



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Medical Vocabulary hordoleum

Purulent

inflammatoryinfection of asebaceous gland ofthe eyelid; alsocalled sty.



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Medical Vocabulary iridotomy

macular

degeneration



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Diagnostic Procedures Tonometry

Detects glaucomaby measuringincreasedintraocularpressure

Visual acuity test



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Word Building ExerciseQ: Instrument to measure hearing:

A: audiometer

Q: Examination of the pupil:

A: pupilloscopyQ: Act of measuring tension:

A: tonometry

Q: Inflammation of the retina:

A: retinitis

Q: Fear of light:A: photophobia

Q: Paralysis of the eye:

A: ophthalmoplegia



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Medical and Surgical Procedures Cataract surgery

Phacoemulsification

Iridectomy



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Medical and Surgical Procedures Laser photocoagulation

Seals leaking or hemorrhaging retinal

blood vessels associated with diabeticretinopathy.

Light from laser creates heat thatcoagulates the tissues.



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Clinically Related ExerciseQ: During eye surgery the ophthalmologist asks for the surgical instrument to

incise the cornea. This instrument is called a ____________.

A: keratotome

Q: After undergoing cataract surgery, a patient is unable to see. The

ophthalmologist suggests a surgical procedure that requires an incision intothe colored muscular layer that surrounds the pupil. This portion of the eye isknown as the ____________________.

A: iris

Q: A 62-year-old patient with drooping eyelids that impair her sight requiressurgery. The procedure for a surgical repair of the eyelids is referred to as___________________________.

A: blepharoplastyQ: Zia is diagnosed with glaucoma and is scheduled for an excision of a portion of

the iris to relieve intraocular pressure. This excision of the iris is documentedin the medical record as an __________________.

A: iridectomy



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Pharmacology Antiglaucoma drugs

Miotics

Mydriatics



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Clinically Related ExerciseQ: Prior to an eye examination, the technician administers an agent

to dilate the pupils, which is known as a(n) (antiglaucoma drug,miotic, mydriatic).

A: mydriatic

Q: The nurse administers drops to constrict the pupils. Thismedication is known as a(n) (antiglaucoma drug, miotic,mydriatic).

A: miotic

Q: To reduce intraocular pressure by lowering the amount of

aqueous humor in the eyeball and increase aqueous humoroutflow, a(n) (antiglaucoma drug, miotic, mydriatic) isprescribed.

A: antiglaucoma drug


chapter 11: the eyes

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