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Chapter Chapter 11.3 11.3 Genetic Genetic Changes Changes

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Page 1: Chapter 11.3 Genetic Changes. Mutations Sudden genetic change Sudden genetic change Point mutations Point mutations Frameshift mutation Frameshift mutation

Chapter Chapter 11.311.3

Genetic Genetic ChangesChanges

Page 2: Chapter 11.3 Genetic Changes. Mutations Sudden genetic change Sudden genetic change Point mutations Point mutations Frameshift mutation Frameshift mutation

MutationsMutations

Sudden genetic Sudden genetic changechange Point mutationsPoint mutations Frameshift mutationFrameshift mutation Chromosomal Chromosomal

mutationmutation

www.chemistryexplained.com/images/chfa_03_img

Page 3: Chapter 11.3 Genetic Changes. Mutations Sudden genetic change Sudden genetic change Point mutations Point mutations Frameshift mutation Frameshift mutation

www.catpaws.dk/images/mutation.jpg

Page 4: Chapter 11.3 Genetic Changes. Mutations Sudden genetic change Sudden genetic change Point mutations Point mutations Frameshift mutation Frameshift mutation

Point MutationPoint Mutation

Single base pair in DNASingle base pair in DNA Ex:Ex:

Normal – AUG AAG UUU GGCNormal – AUG AAG UUU GGC

Point - AUG AAPoint - AUG AAAA UUU GGC UUU GGC

Happens at a single point, you point Happens at a single point, you point to one thing.to one thing.

Page 5: Chapter 11.3 Genetic Changes. Mutations Sudden genetic change Sudden genetic change Point mutations Point mutations Frameshift mutation Frameshift mutation

Frameshift MutationFrameshift Mutation

Addition or deletion of a single baseAddition or deletion of a single base Ex:Ex:

Normal – AUG AAG UUU GGCNormal – AUG AAG UUU GGC

Frameshift – AUG AAG UUFrameshift – AUG AAG UU GGC GGC

Think KEYBOARDThink KEYBOARD

Page 6: Chapter 11.3 Genetic Changes. Mutations Sudden genetic change Sudden genetic change Point mutations Point mutations Frameshift mutation Frameshift mutation

Chromosomal MutationChromosomal Mutation

Change in chromosomesChange in chromosomes Causing Causing nondisjunctionnondisjunction (to many or (to many or

not enough parts) – failure of not enough parts) – failure of chromosomes to separate chromosomes to separate Trisomy – extra chromosomeTrisomy – extra chromosome Monosomy – missing chromosomesMonosomy – missing chromosomes Triploidy – an extra setTriploidy – an extra set

- plants mostly- plants mostly

Page 7: Chapter 11.3 Genetic Changes. Mutations Sudden genetic change Sudden genetic change Point mutations Point mutations Frameshift mutation Frameshift mutation

Source: www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/.../MUT/Mut.Types.html

http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/.../MUT/Mut.Types.html
http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/.../MUT/Mut.Types.html
Page 8: Chapter 11.3 Genetic Changes. Mutations Sudden genetic change Sudden genetic change Point mutations Point mutations Frameshift mutation Frameshift mutation

MutationsMutations

Some mutations can be positive – Some mutations can be positive – mutation may make an organism mutation may make an organism faster, strongerfaster, stronger

Mutations may be passed on if it Mutations may be passed on if it occurs in reproductive cells, will not occurs in reproductive cells, will not be passed on however in be passed on however in nonreproductive cells (skin, muscle, nonreproductive cells (skin, muscle, or bone.)or bone.)

Page 9: Chapter 11.3 Genetic Changes. Mutations Sudden genetic change Sudden genetic change Point mutations Point mutations Frameshift mutation Frameshift mutation

MutagenMutagen

Any agent that can cause a change Any agent that can cause a change in DNAin DNA

Page 10: Chapter 11.3 Genetic Changes. Mutations Sudden genetic change Sudden genetic change Point mutations Point mutations Frameshift mutation Frameshift mutation

Causes of Mutations Causes of Mutations (Mutagens)(Mutagens)

Error in DNAError in DNA Radiation – x-ray exposure, gamma Radiation – x-ray exposure, gamma

radiation, cosmic rays, UV, nuclearradiation, cosmic rays, UV, nuclear Chemicals – dioxins, asbestos, Chemicals – dioxins, asbestos,

benzene, cyanide, formaldehyde, benzene, cyanide, formaldehyde, radioactive chemicalsradioactive chemicals

Page 11: Chapter 11.3 Genetic Changes. Mutations Sudden genetic change Sudden genetic change Point mutations Point mutations Frameshift mutation Frameshift mutation

Results of MutationsResults of Mutations

Birth DefectsBirth Defects CancerCancer

Page 12: Chapter 11.3 Genetic Changes. Mutations Sudden genetic change Sudden genetic change Point mutations Point mutations Frameshift mutation Frameshift mutation

Repairing DNARepairing DNA

Enzymes proofread the DNA and Enzymes proofread the DNA and replace incorrect nucleotides with replace incorrect nucleotides with correct onescorrect ones


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