chapter 12 continued volcanism
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 12 ContinuedVolcanism
I. VolcanismI. VolcanismA. DefinitionsB. Volcanic SettingsC. Nature of LavaD. Types of VolcanoesE. Benefits of Volcanoes
II. Current Volcanic Activity
Definitions
Volcano: Forms at the end of a central vent or pipe that rises from the asthenosphere and upper mantle throughrises from the asthenosphere and upper mantle through the crust into a volcanic mountain.
Generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash
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Where do Volcanoes Occur?
Link to Animations Website
Where do Volcanoes Occur?
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Some Terminology
Volcanoes can be active, dormant or extinct.
• A volcano is active, or alive, when it erupts often.
• When a volcano is dormant, or sleeping, it has not erupted for a long time – but it might in the future.
• A volcano is extinct, or dead, when it hasn’t eruptedfor at least 100 000 yearsfor at least 100,000 years.
Nature of Lava
Characteristics of lava depend upon its temperature and viscosityviscosity.
• Higher the temperature, lower viscosity (i.e. the easier the flows)
• Lower the silica content, lower viscosity because silica polymerizes
• Greater gas content, lower viscosity (frothy lava flows more easily)
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Types of Eruptions
• Effusive• Explosive
Types of Volcanoes
Volcanic Landforms:
Ci dCindercone
Caldera
Shield volcano
Plateau basalt
Composite volcanoes
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Shield Volcanoes
Shield volcanoes are very large slightly slopinglarge slightly sloping volcanoes, 6 to 12°, that have gently flowing magmas.
Shield Volcanoes
Figure 12.32
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Plateau Basalts (flood basalts)Plateau basalt: These volcanoes produce a very fluid basaltic magma with horizontal flows. The form of these volcanoes is flat to gently sloping. p g
Figure 12.24
Plateau Basalts (flood basalts)Plateau basalt: These volcanoes produce a very fluid basaltic magma with horizontal flows. The form of these volcanoes is flat to gently sloping. p g
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Caldera Volcanoes
Long Valley Caldera
Long Valley Caldera in California
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Cinder Cone Volcanoes
A cinder cone is a small volcano, between 100 and 400 meters tall, made up of exploded rock blasted out of a central vent at atall, made up of exploded rock blasted out of a central vent at a high velocity
Figure 12.24
Hualalai Volcano
Composite (Strato) Volcanoes
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Composite Volcanoes
Mt. Vesuvius, Italy79 A.D.
St. Augustine, Alaska
Iceland
Composite Volcanoes
Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines• 800 deaths• 15-20 million tons of ash and sulfuric acid
mist were blasted into the atmosphere• Reduction in Earth’s albedo• Decrease in global temperatures
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Composite Volcanoes
Mt. St. Helens, May 18, 1980~57 people killed
Composite Volcanoes
Figure 12.34
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Deadliest Volcanoes
Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions Since 1500 Benefits of a volcano:A.D.
Eruption Year CasualtiesMajor Cause
Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia 1985 25,0001,3 Mudflows3
Mont Pelée, Martinique 1902
30,0001
(29,025)2Pyroclastic
flows2
Krakatau, Indonesia 188336,0001
(36,417)2 Tsunami2
• Fertile soils (Hawaii)• Geothermal Energy (Iceland, Italy,
New Zealand)• Real Estate (Iceland, Japan)
Tambora, Indonesia 1815 92,0001,2 Starvation2
Unzen, Japan 179215,0001
(14,030)2
Volcano collapse,
Tsunami2
Lakagigar (Laki), Iceland 1783 9,0001 (9,350)2 Starvation2
Animations Website
AnimationsAnimations Website
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II. Current Volcanic Activity
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/
http://volcano.und.edu/