Reporter: Ethyl T. EmbocTopic: Introduction to Italian History, Cultures,Traditions, and BeliefsReference: http://www.constitution.org/mac/prince03.htmhttp://www.amazon.com/Divine-Comedy-Longfellows-Translation-Complete/dp/1407605984:Introduction to Italian HISTORY, CULTURES, TRADITIONS, AND BELIEFSThe word Italy is from the Latin word Italia. The name Italia originally pertained to a part of what is now Southern Italy according to Antiochus of Syracuse, the southern portion of the Bruttium peninsula which is now the modern Calabria. It was not until the reign of Emperor Augustus that the term Italia would be used to cover the entire peninsula until the Alps.GOVERNMENT-The country is officially called Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy.-It became a republic after the referendum held on June 2,1946.-This is also the first time that Italian woman were given the right to vote.-The Republican constitution was approved on January 1, 1948.-Italy is a unitary parliamentary republic, which is bicameral in structure:Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.-The Prime Minister is the head of the State.GEOGRAPHY-Italy is situated in south-central Europe.-It consists of a peninsula shaped like a high-heeled boot and several islands.-The most two important of the island are: Sicily in the South and Sardinia in the northwest.-Mediterranean Sea is to the south-The Alps to the north-A chain of mountains, the Apennines, juts down the center of the peninsulaThe fertile Po valley is similarly situated in the north. It accounts for 21 percent of the total area; 40 percent of Italys area, in contrast, is hilly and 39 percent is mountainous.-The climate is generally a Temperate Mediterranean one with the variations caused by the mountainous and hilly areas.-Countries that border Italy are: France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps in the northItalian Peninsula, Sicily, and Sardinia in the south-It has a land area of 301,338 square kilometers or approximately 116,347 sq. mi.-Mont Blanc is the peak in Italy and the entire European Union.-Po River is Italys longest river.-Mt. Vesuvius is the only active volcano in mainland Europe and its eruption in the past put Pompeii and Hercalanum into ruin. -In terms of population, Italy is the fifth most populous country in Europe and 23rd most populous in the world . -Total population of 60.6 million inhabitants

Brief History-During the pre-Roman history of the country, Italy is inhabited by such groups of people as Umbrians, Latins (the ascendants of the Romans) , Vlosci, Samnites, Celts and Ligures in the North.They were of Indo-European stock.-Non-Indo-European people in Italy include the Etruscans, Elymians, Sicani and the Sardinians.-History has it that the first real major power in the Italian Peninsula was the Etruscans.-It was politically united during the Roman Empire on 90 C.E. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Germanic Tribe conquered Italy, but it was brought back to the realm to fold through the efforts of the East Roman Emperor Justinian. Late in the same century, the Lombard reign of Italy was absorbed into the Frankish culture to Italy, and under the Franks, the church of Rome gained much political influence. The popes were given a great deal of autonomy and were left with control over the legal and administrative system of Rome, including defense.-In 1348, majority of European nations were stricken by the Black Death pandemic.It left its mark in Italy by killing one-third of the population. A period of recovery ensued leading to the resurgence of cities and the flourishing of trade, commerce and the arts.-This period of fast-paced development triggered the onset of Humanism and Renaissance---two cultural movements which took their first roots in Italy before finally spreading out in Europe.-It was during the 14th and 15th centuries that Italy was divided into a great schism of warring city-states; the rest of the peninsula being occupied by Papal states and Naples. -Italian rivalries of status, class, family, and hometown prevented unity throughout its history-The period from the fifteenth through the mid-eighteenth centuries were marked periods of divisiveness among warring clans and families.-Nations grew and their ambitions, as well as those of the Italian city-states, continued to cause undue pestilence to Italy. France and Spain interfered in Italian affairs.-Under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel, Count de Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, the various city-states moved toward unit. The creation of the kingdom of Italy is undeniably made possible through the efforts of Italian monarchist and nationalists.-Italy underwent a surge of political and economic events during the World War 1 and II. More than 650,000 Italian soldiers sacrificed their lives on the battlefield during the World War I . Under the Peace Treaties entered into by the country, Italy regained promised territories, including Fiume. Italy allied with Nazi Germany and Japan with Mussolini as the military leader in World War II. It was subdued by the allied forces in September 1943. Around 500,000 Italians died in the war and the Italian economy collapsed.-Italy became a Republic on June 2, 1946.LANGUAGEThe official language is Italian which was adopted after Italy was unified in 1946.-Several dialects are spoken all over the country, but Italian is used as the medium of instruction in schools and as a medium of communication in the government.-There are speakers of German, Slovene, French and other European languages.RELIGION-Italy is the primary witness in the development of the Roman Catholic Church.-The Italian Catholic Church is chiefly an active participant in the proliferation of the Roman Catholic Church. Roman Catholicism is the largest religion and denomination in Italy ,with around 87.8% .-There are relevant minorities of Protestants, Waldensians , Eastern Orthodox, Pentecostalism, Jehovah;s Witness, Mormonism, etc.-Italy is home to the greatest number of Roman Catholic cardinals in the world and of Roman Catholic per capita.-Rome, or more specifically Vatican City, is the hub of the Roman Catholic religion. Thus the Pope, Cardinals, bishops, monsignors,priests, members of various orders are almost ubiquitously seen in the country.-Other non-christiian religiomns include Judaism, Islam, Sikhism, Buddhism and Hinduism.INTERESTING PLACES AND PEOPLEItalys contribution to worlds cultural and historical heritage of Europe and the world cannot be ignored.-According to UNESCO, Italy is the home to the worlds greatest number o UNESCO World Heritage Sites.-The nation has around 100,000 structures for museums, palaces, statues,churches, art galleries, villas, fountains, historic houses and archaeological remains.-Italy has over 2000 years worth of holy places. Rome and Vatican City, two great cities situated within Italy have thousands of shrines, relics and churches. There are vestige of Saint Peter and other popes.-Rome, the capital of Italy, is regarded as the political and religious center of Western civilization as the capital of the Roman Empire and the site of the Holy Roman Catholic Church.-Italy is the fifth most visited country and the highest tourism earner in the world, with 43.6 million of international tourist arrivals and the total receipts estimated at 38.8$ billion in 2010.

Colloseum, largest amphitheater of Ancient Rome where gladiators, criminals, and lions alike fought for their lives

Pompeii, ancient Roman city whose incredibly well-preserved ruins now form a popular UNESCO world Heritage site

The Palantine Hill, known as the birthplace of Rome

Leaning Tower of Pisa, an iconic bell Tower, renowned for its slanted stance

Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy, most famous for being the burial place of many of the citys most iconic figures-Italy has a cultural heritage that exerts great impact to Italian consciousness.-The city of Rome itself a dynamic and living museum.-The archaeological Museums in Naples are certainly among the world best.The Italian Renaissance is well represented in a number of museums.-The Uffizi Museum contains the obra maestro of Michelangelo, Leonado da Vinci, Botticelli, Piero delle Francesca, Giovanni Bellini, and Titian.-The Bargello has specialized in Florentine sculpture, with works by Michelangelo, Benvenuto Cellini, Donatello, and the Della Robbia family.-The Pitti Palace has a fine collection of paintings by Rafael, as well as about five hundred important works of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which were collected by the Medici and Lorraine Families.

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Italian sculptor, painter, one of the greatest artist of all time architect, poet, and engineerIf you want to see the best the and the finest of Western architecture, Italy is the greatest place to be, as evidence by such architectural wonders as the Colosseum, Milan Cathedral, Florence Cathedral, The leaning Tower of Pisa and building designs in Venice.______________________-PICTURESgrape vines and fastest booming wine industry, creative and high-end automobile, industrial, Italy is visited not only because of its rich ancient cultural heritage, but also of its vast fields of appliance, fashion design.-It is regarded as the worlds largest wine producer.-Modern high fashion clothing finds its birth in Italy.-Magnificient fashion houses such as Fendi, Gucci, Armani and Versace, to name a few, undeniably are household brands. Milan is regar Lamborghini, Maserati, and Ferrari and other brands of luxury cars.ded as the center of fashion in the world.-Italy is also the center of the worlds most elite vehicles-Italin have high literacy rate. It is home to among the largest universities in the world. La Sapienza University in Rome is mecca for international students as it is Europes Largest with 140,000 students. The world oldest college in the Western world is the University of Bologna which is located in Italy.-Arts and Literature flourished during the height of Humanism and Renaissance in Italy.-Notable artist in Italy include Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Fra Angelico, Tintoretto, Caravaggio, Bernini, Titian and Rafael.-Rome is home to scientific greeks in the past. -Leonardo da Vinci- apart from being consummate artist is also an advanced scientific thinker. He already a daring speculations on anatomy, meteorology, geology and hydrology.-Advances in physics and astronomy were pioneered by Galileo Galilei, Guglielmo Marconi and Alessandro Volta.

----------------Galileo Galilei, Italian physicist, mathematician ,astronomer and philosopherCulture and Tradition -In the past, women are relegated to home chores.In Italian culture, men were given privileged position and treatment.-Women were assigned the position of the soul of the family, while men are the head. Men were to support and defend the family while women raised the children and kept themselves chaste so as not to disgrace the family.-After the world war II , there was a marked changed in their status.Today, women take part in every aspect of political, economic, and social life. Women are equal under tha law and attend universities and work in the labor force. Italian women, accordingly, are often considered the most liberated in Europe.-In the past, Marriage were arranged and women brought dowry to the marriage. But today marriage is a free endeavor except of the members of the clergy.-But there is a custom in many families for a child to remain unmarried to care for aged parents.-Italians ae often tied to one another by relationships on both sides of the family. Close family ties is therefore observed by some.-Appearances matter in Italy. The manner of dressing can indicate your social status, family background, and education level.-The term bella figura or good image is important to Italians.-They unconsciously evaluate another persons age and social standing in the the first few seconds of meeting them, often before conversation starts.-Bella figura is more than dressing well. It extends to the aura you manifest too- confidence, mode, character, etc.

LiteratureItalian literature has wide-ranging, rich, and varied origin and development. It began after the foundinh of Rome in 753 BC. The early writings of the Italians are essentially based on the early works of Roman writers who left indelible marks in Italian literature such as Pliny the Elder, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Livy and propertius.Italian literature has a close affinity with the Roman and Greek literature. Until about the thirteenth century Italian literature was written in Latin. There were various poems, legends, saints lives, chronicles and similar literature. French and Provencal were also used in writings. Accordingly, there were even some poets before Dante. Worthy to cite are Guittone dArrezo and Guido Guinizelli, the founder of the dolce stil nuovo-sweet new style.The modern Italian Literature in the Italian language was molded and fashioned into classical works through the efforts of the great triumvirate in Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio and Petrarch. Their works has been the models and basis of the later Italian writings for the next hundreds of years after them. Divine comedy of Dante is unquestionably a magnum opus in the world of poetry. Boccaccios Decameron set the trend in the great collections of stories ever written . The love Poetry of Petrarch has inspired writers in the next hundred years such as Shakespeare and Byron. Next to Dante in terms of literary greatness in Italy is Petrarch. He is being cited as responsible in restoring classical Latin as the language of scholarship and literature. Petrarch perceived that Italy was a successor of Rome, and he worked to advance Italian nationalisms and unity. His work in Italian is Petrarchs greatest contribution to literature. His famous sonnets to Laura gave Italian literature a unique flavor and brought to it a fiery passion.Boccaccios Decameron (1353) drew on both Dante and Petrarch influences and in turn influenced numerous writers. It not only uses the vernacular but also uses true-to-life stories.

Dante Alighierei,Italian poet, prose writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher, and political thinkerThe Renaissance in Italy brought to the country noble ideas and great literary insights. The period of the High Renaissance produced men of Highly exceptional and talents and genius. They include Michelangelo, Leon Battista Alberti, and Leonardo da Vinci, among others. These men were supported by patrons of the arts such as Lorenzo de Medici and the Popes, such as Alexander VI.According to literary scholarship, the first major Italian drama was Orfeo written by Angelo Poliziano in 1480. There were still woks done in the medieval geste style, which were based on the medieval romances.The works of Pietro Bembo , Niccoli Machiavelli , and Ariosto in the sixteenth century brought Italian literature to another dimension and to great heights. Machiavelli is best known for the prince (1640), the first practical work of political science and a call for Italian unity. The political essays in Niccoli Machiavellis The Prince in 1513 is without a doubt a unique woks of its own. It is comparable to the chinese work The art of war.Aristos poem, Orlando Furioso (1516) is an epic dealing with Charlemagne, an old theme but with a new sophistication. Orlando Furioso presents an old picture with twists and turns. Italian literature finds new interests , life and warmth. After world war II Italian literature took flight to attain excellence and magnificience. Modern Italian literature experienced a great awakening which led to the creations of high qualityliterary outputs. In poetry, there are Giuseppe, Ungaretti, Eugenio Montale, and Salvatore Quasimodo. In fiction there are carlo Levi, Elio Vittorini, Vasco Pratolini, Mario Doldati, Cesare Pavese, Vitaliano Brancati, Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, Alberto Moravia, Giorgia Bassani, Dino Buzzati, Elsa Morante, Natalia Levi Ginzburg, Primo Levi , and Umberto Ecco.

Reporter: Charlyn B. AranoTopic: Introduction to Italian History, Cultures,Traditions, and BeliefsReference:Title: The PrinceAuthor: Niccolo MachiavelliLiterary type and Form: Short StoryLiterary Approach: Historical Criticism

The Prince Summary

The prince begins with an address to Lorenzo de Medici, in which Machiavelli explains that he is seeking favor with the prince by offering him some of his knowledge. He then proceeds to classify the various kinds of states: republics, hereditary princedoms, brand-new princedoms, and mixed principalities. New states are his primary focus, for those who are the hardest to deal with. A conquered state whose original prince was its sole ruler is difficult to conquer, but easy to maintain; a conquered state in which the prince shared power with the barons is easy to conquer, but difficult to maintain.When possible a prince should strive to rise to power on his own merits and with his own arms. Relying on friends, good luck, or other peoples arms may make the rise easier, but holding onto his newfound power will prove a difficult task. Machiavelli devotes almost an entire chapter to Cesare Borgia, who rose to prominence largely through connections and his fathers help, but was crafty enough to carve out his own niche-though he wound up failing in the end. Princes who rise to the throne through crime are another matter altogether: Machiavelli condemns them as wicked and yet his words betray his admiration for their cleverness. Cruelty, when well-used, can be justified.According to Machiavelli, reliance on mercenaries and auxiliaries for troops is a grave mistake. A prince must lay strong foundations good laws and good arms and if the latter is lacking, the former is rendered irrelevant. A state needs both to survive. Mercenaries are disloyal and divided; foreign auxiliaries come already united another master, and so are in a way even more dangerous. The prince himself should be a student of war and an avid reader of military history.Reputation is another important element to consider. The front princes put on to appeal to the populace is often lie, as Machiavelli notes; the better the liar, the better the prince. That said, giving out the money when it is fiscally irresponsible, just to appear generous, is a mistake; displaying excessive mercy in order to garner affection can prove fatal. Better safe than sorry; better to be feared then to loved.Machiavelli closes The Prince with a meditation on luck and its role in human affairs, and a call to unite Italy. He addresses much of this last argument to Lorenzo de Medici, thereby imposing some semblance of symmetry on his books structure and honing his theoretical musings into a direct exhortation.

The types of Principalities: Hereditary principalities Mixed principalities New principalities Ecclesiastical principalitiesThe types of army: Mercenaries and hired soldiers Auxiliaries Native Troops Mixed TroopsThe character and behavior of the prince: It is better to be stingy than generous It is better to be cruel than merciful It is better to break promises if keeping them would be against ones interest Princes must avoid making themselves hated and despised; the goodwill of the people is a better defense than any fortress Princes should undertake great projects to enhance their reputation Princes should choose wise advisors and avoid flatterers

a. Character Niccolo Machiavelli serves as both the narrator and a protagonist of The Prince. When released from prison in 1513, Machiavelli retreated to private life and wrote The Prince in an effort to gain the favor of the ruling Medici family, which had accused Machiavelli of conspiracy and to help enable Lorenzo de Medici to unify Italy. Lorenzo de Medici the ruler of Florence 1514 to 1519, he was part of the influential Medici family and dedicatee of The Prince. Cesare Borgia the son of Alexander VI, he rose to power quickly and shrewdly, only to lose his winnings through a stroke of bad luck. Alexander VI was a skilled politician and leader who considerably expanded the territorial power of the Catholic Church through diplomacy and warfare. Julius II he successfully curbed the influence of the Roman barons and waged war against domestic and foreign foes on the Italian peninsula Leo X was a patron of the Italian Renaissance and used his clout to appoint relatives, such as Lorenzo de Medici, to positions of power. Louis XII he continued the Italian campaigns pursue by his predecessor, conquering Milan in 1500 and Naples in 1501. Francesco Sforza he used his military prowess and his marriage to seize the control of the state, installing himself as Duke of Milan. Alexander the Great became King of Macedonia in 336 B.C. Julius Caesar a successful Roman military leader, he became dictator of Rome and was assassinated by political rivals in 44 B.C.

b. Setting The story happened in Italyc. PlotInitial incident Machiavelli meditates on what exactly makes such a conquest successful, using two examples: The Roman Empire which succeeded, and King Louis of France, who failed. According to Machiavelli the Romans sent out colonies, a far better strategy than the use of standing armies. Rising Louis entered Italy through the ambition of the Venetians, who wanted to gain control of half of Lombardy. He put down the weaker powers, increased the strength of a major power , introduced a powerful foreigner into the fray, never took up residence in Italy, never set up colonies, and deprived the Venetians of their power.Climax When the Roman Empire began to fade and the Pope start to gain power. Italy split into several states, which soon saw a flurry of up risings. As a result, Italy is in a state of slavery and contempt.Falling Machiavelli sublimates the individualistic treatment of the princes as solitary agent into a larger view of society as contingent on long-term planning and sacrifice.Solution Machiavelli laments the decline of the Italian city-states and attributes it to the use of mercenary and auxiliary armies instead of native forces.d. Conflict There is a curious dialect between the abstract land Machiavelli seems to invoke when he writes of princes and princedoms as if they were variables in a mathematical equation, and the precision with which he fleshes out Italian history as well as the current events of his land.e. Point of view The Prince which is wrote by Niccolo Machiavelli is an extended analysis of how to acquire and maintain political power. f. Theme Free will Cruelty Arms History Generosity The church The unification of Italyg. Interpretation This literary piece talks about how to manage a certain government. It also tells how to be a Prince that uses tactics to protect their country. h. Gained insight This story discusses in plain language the conduct of great men and the principles of princely government

Title: The Devine ComedyAuthor: Dante AlighieriLiterary type and Form: PoemLiterary Approach:

INFERNO

Midway in our lifes journey, I went astrayfrom the straight road and woke to find myselfalone in a dark wood. How shall I say

what wood that was! I never saw so dear,so rank, so arduous a wilderness!Its vey memory gives a shape to fear.

Death could scare be more bitter than that place!but since it came to good, I will recountall that I found revealed there by Gods grace.

PURGATORIO

We are souls who died violence,all sinners to our final hour, an which the lamp of Heaven shed its radiance

Into our hearts. Thus from the brink of death,repenting all our sins, forgiving thosewho sinned against us, with our final breath

We offered up our souls at peace with Himwho saddens us with longing to beholdHis glory on the throne of Seraphim

PARADISO

O virgin mother, daughter of thy Son,humble beyond all creatures and more exalted;predestined turning point of Gods intention;

Thy merit so ennobled human naturethat its divine Creator did not scornto make Himself the creature of His creature.

The love that was rekindled in Thy womb sends for the warmth of the eternal peace within whose ray this flower has come to bloom.

Here to us, thou art the noon and scope of Love revealed; and among mortal men, the living fountain of eternal hope.

Lady, thou art so near to Gods reckonings that who seeks grace and does not first seek thee would have his wish fly upward without wings.

Not only does thy sweet benignity flow out to all who beg, but oftentimes thy charity arrives before the plea.

In thee is pity, in thee munificence, in thee the tenderest heart, in thee unites all that creation knows of excellence!

Now comes this man who from the final pit of the universe up to this height has seen, one by one, the three lives of the spirit.

He prays to thee in fervent supplication for grace and strength, that he may raise his eyes to the all-healing final revelation.

And I, who never more desired to see the vision myself that I do that he may see it, add my own prayer, and pray that it may be

enough to move you to dispel the trace of every mortal shadow by the prayers and let him see revealed the Sun of Grace.I pray the further, all persuading Queen, keep whole the natural bent of his affections and of his powers after his eyes have seen.

Protect him from the stirrings of mans clay; see how Beatrice and the blessed host clasp reverent hands to join me as I pray.

The eyes that God reverse and loves the best glowed on the speaker, making clear the joy with which true prayer is heard by the most blest.

Those eyes turned then to the Eternal Ray, through which, we must indeed believe, the eyes of others do not find such ready way.

And I , who neared the goal of all my nature, felt my soul, at the climax of its yearning, suddenly, as it ought, grow calm with rapture.

Bernard then, smiling sweetly, gestured to me to look up, but I had already become within myself all he would have me be.

Little by little as my vision grew it penetrated faintly though the aura of the high lamp which in itself is true.

What then I saw is more than tongue can say.Our human speech is dark before the vision.The ravished memory swoons and falls away.

As one who sees in dreams and awakes to find the emotional impression of his vision still powerful while its parts fade from his mind-

just such am I, having lost nearly allthe vision itself, while in my heart I feelthe sweetness of it yet distill and fall.

So, in the sun, the footprints fade from snow.On the wild wind that bore the tumbling leaves the Sybils oracles were scattered so.

O Light Supreme who doth Thyself withdraw so far above mans mortal understanding, lend me again some glimpse of what I saw;

make Thou my tongue so eloquent it may of all Thy glory speak a single clue to those who follow me in the worlds day;

for by returning to my memory somewhat, and somewhat sounding in these verses,Thou shalt show man more of Thy victory.

So dazzling was the splendor to that Ray, that I must certainly have lost my senses had I, but for an instant, turned away.

And so it was, as I recall, I could, the better bear to look, until at last, my Vision made one with the Eternal Good.

Oh grace abounding that ad made me fit to fix, my eyes on the eternal light until my vision consumed in it!

I saw within its depth how it conceives all things in a single volume bound by Love,of which the universe is the scattered leaves;

substance, accident, and their relation so fused that all I say could do no more than yield a glimpse of that bright revelation.

I think I saw the universal form that binds these things, for as I speak these words I feel my joy swell and my spirits warm.

Twenty-five centuries since Neptune saw the Argos keel have not moved all mankind, recalling that adventure, to such awe

as I felt in an instant. My tranced being stared fixed and motionless upon that vision,even more fervent to see in the act of seeing.

Experiencing that Radiance, the spirit is so indrawn it is impossible even to think of ever turning from It.

For the good which is the wills ultimate object is all subsumed in It; an, being removed, all is defective which in It is perfect.

Now in my recollection of the restI have less power to speak than any infant wetting its tongue yet at its mothers breast;

and not because that Living Radiance bore more than one semblance, for it is unchanging and is forever as it was before; rather, as I grew worthier to see, the more I looked, the more unchanging semblance appeared to change with every change in me.

Within the depthless deep and clear existence of that abyss of light tree circles shown three in color, one in circumference;

the second from the first, rainbow from rainbow; the third, an exhalation of pure fire equally breathed forth by the other two.

But oh how much my words miss my conception, which is itself so far from what I saw than to call it feeble would be rank deception!

O Light Eternal fixed in itself alone, by Itself alone understood, which from Itself loves and glows, self-knowing and self-known;

that second aureole which shone forth in Thee, conceived as a reflection of the first or which appeared so to my scrutiny -

seemed in itself of its own coloration to be painted with mans image. I fixed my eyes on that alone in rapturous contemplation.

Like a geometer wholly dedicated to squaring the circle, but who cannot find, think as he may, the principle indicated

so did I study the supernal face. I yearned to know just how our image merges into that circle, and how it there finds place;

but mine were not the wings for such a flight.Yet, as I wished, the truth I wished for came cleaving my mind in a great flash of light.

Here my powers rest from their high fantasy, already I could feel my being turned instinct and intellect balanced equally

as in a wheel whose motion nothing jars by the Love that moves the sun and other stars.

Inferno Dante realizes he has wandered from the True Way in midlife, and finds himself in the Valley of Evil. He is rescued by the spirit of Virgil, who tells him he has been sent to guide him out of hell because of prayers of Beatrice, the woman whom Dante admired all his life. To leave hell, they must go through all nine circles of Hell, the deeper circle, the more grave the sin and its appropriate punishment. Dante learns those in Hell choose to go there by their unrepentance.Purgatorio Dante and Virgil emerge from hell just before the dawn of Easter Sunday, and in Purgatorio Dante begins the difficult climb up Mount Purgatory. Souls that are repentant of their sins against God and man go to Purgatory and become free of temptation, and know that they will eventually be with God. The renunciation of sin occurs in Purgatory, as one begins his ascent to purity. Purgatory is a mountain with seven ledges or cornices, one for each of the seven deadly sins (pride, envy, anger, sloth, greed, gluttony, and lust).Paradiso Paradiso is Dantes imaginative conception of heaven. The more one loves on earth, the closer in Heaven one is to God, who is all all-love. Beatrice takes Dante through the 9 Spheres of Heaven.

a. Person/Voice The authorb. Theme A journey of an individual soul towards Godc. Meter and Line The work is arranged in 100 cantos in 3 parts, 34 for the Inferno, 33 each for Purgatorio and Paradiso. The work is written in 3 groups of lines,d. Diction The choice of words in this poem are those smooth and soft words and it is good to be heard e. Tone and Mood Tone I think he feels amazement of what he wrote Mood After reading this poem I feel happy because were so lucky that though we have wrong doings in this world, God still embrace us his undying love and gracef. Symbols White rose for chastity Red rose for loveg. Sound Devices Rhymeh. Figurative language Imagery