chapter 12 part two: systematics: the science of biological diversity
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity. Development of classification. A. Until relatively recently organisms were classified as either plants or animals and two kingdoms were recognized. 1. Non-motile autotrophs were placed in the plant kingdom - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 12 Part Two:Systematics: The Science of
Biological Diversity
![Page 2: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Development of classification
• A. Until relatively recently organisms were classified as either plants or animals and two kingdoms were recognized.
• 1. Non-motile autotrophs were placed in the plant kingdom
• 2. Motile heterotrophs were placed in the animal kingdom
![Page 7: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Many organisms didn’t fit
1. Euglena is a unicellular, motile autotroph
2. Fungi (mushrooms and molds), traditionally classified as plants, are non-motile heterotrophs
![Page 8: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Technology led to better classifying cells
1. Prokaryotes (bacteria) - lack: nuclei, organelles, flagella, chromosomes, multicellularity and sexuality
2. Eukaryotes (nearly all other organisms) - have: nuclei, organelles, flagella, DNA associated with histone proteins to form chromatin/chromosomes, sexual reproduction and most are multicellular
![Page 9: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Thomas Whitaker (1969)
5 kingdom system
All Prokaryotes were placed into a single kingdom (Monera i.e. bacteria) and the Eukaryotes were placed into four kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia and Protista (unicellular)
![Page 10: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Three domains
A. Recent genetic and molecular investigations have demonstrated that there are two major groups of prokaryotes. They differ radically in the composition of their cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomal RNA, and a variety of other biochemical features
![Page 11: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Therefore, our text recognizes three domains above the rank of kingdom
![Page 12: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
1. Domain Bacteria
- prokaryotes with muramic acid in cell walls. Majority of bacteria plus cyanobacteria ("blue green algae")
![Page 13: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2. Domain Archaea (ancient bacteria)
- prokaryotes that lack muramic acid in cell walls. Many inhabit "harsh" environments. Includes methane producers, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles, acidophiles and one group which lacks cell walls
![Page 14: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
3. Domain Eukarya
- all eukaryotes, four kingdoms:
a) Animalia
b) Plantae
c) Fungi
d) Protista
![Page 15: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
- motile, multicellular, lack plastids and cell walls, heterotrophic via ingestion, sexual reproduction
![Page 16: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Kingdom Plantae (Plants)
- nonmotile, multicellular, plastids and autotrophic via photosynthesis, cell walls made of cellulose, adapted for life on land, mostly sexual reproduction.
"Algae" are not included in this kingdom
![Page 17: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Kingdom Fungi (Mushrooms and Molds)
- nonmotile, filamentous, lack plastids, cell walls are made of chitin, heterotrophic via absorption of nutrients from dead (saprophytic) or living (parasitic) matter. Virtually all are multicellular except yeast. Both sexual and asexual reproduction
![Page 18: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Kingdom Protista
- lack multicellularity. Heterogeneous assemblage of unicellular, colonial and multicellular Eukaryotes that do not have the distinctive characters of plants, animals or fungi.
• They have various types of reproduction from simple cell division through sexual, and various types of nutrition
• Includes all groups previously called protozoa as well as all the algae except blue greens. Also includes some organisms previously called fungi
![Page 19: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Origin of a Photosynthetic eukaryotic cell from a heterotrophic prokaryote
![Page 25: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Endosymbiosis in Vorticella
![Page 33: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Electron Micrograph of a Vorticella
Autotrophic endosymbiotic alga
![Page 34: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fungi
• Lichen
• Fungus
• mushroom
![Page 38: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fungi- red blanket lichenFlorida swamp
![Page 39: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
White coral fungusClavariacea
![Page 40: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Mushrooms genus MycenaRainforest Peru
![Page 41: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
EarthballScleroderma citrinum
![Page 42: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Protist
• Plasmodium slime mold
• Postelsia palmiformis- “sea palm”
• Volvox- green alga
• Fauchea- red alga
• Pennate diatom
![Page 43: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Plasmodium slime mold
![Page 44: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Postelsia palmiformis- “sea palm”
![Page 45: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Volvox- green alga
![Page 46: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Fauchea- red alga
![Page 47: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Pennate diatom
![Page 48: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
PlantsThree phyla of bryophytes• Sphagnum (peat moss)• Marchantia (thallose liverworts)• Club mossSeven phyla of vascular plants • Wood Horsetail• Maidenhair fern• Dandelion Taraxacum officinale• Strawberry cactus• Foxtail barley• Cymbidium orchids• Sugar pine
![Page 49: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Sphagnum (peat moss)
Bryophytes
![Page 50: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Marchantia (thallose liverworts)
![Page 51: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Club moss
![Page 52: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
1. Wood Horsetail
Vascular plants
![Page 53: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
2. Maidenhair fern
![Page 54: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
3. Dandelion Taraxacum officinale
![Page 55: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
4. Strawberry cactus
![Page 56: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
5. Foxtail barley
![Page 57: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
6. Cymbidium orchids
![Page 58: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
7. Sugar pine
![Page 59: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The principal types of Life cycles
First eukaryotic organism probably haploid and asexual
For plants the stage was set for diploidyReproduction is primarily sexual Alternating haploid and diploid generationsUnifying character of the plantae is the presence of a
embryo during the sporophytic phase of the life cycle-- thus “embryophyte” synonymous with plant
![Page 60: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
• Zygotic meiosis- Fungi, some algae- two haploid form diploid then split to form haploid again
• Gametic meiosis
• Sporic meiosis
![Page 61: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
4
Divide by mitosis
Give rise to gametes by differentiation
![Page 62: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
•Zygotic meiosis
•Gametic meiosis- by “accident” some of these cells undergo mitosis with a “delay”meiosis
•Sporic meiosis
![Page 63: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
4 haploid
Green/brown
![Page 64: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
•Zygotic meiosis
•Gametic meiosis
•Sporic meiosis- results in the productionOf spores, not gametes, spores undergo mitosis And produce multicellular haploid organisms these haploid organisms can then produce gametes that in turn fuse to form Zygote
![Page 65: Chapter 12 Part Two: Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813dd9550346895da7a1f8/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
4 haploid
Spores Don’t act as gametes and Undergo Mitotic division
produce
Differentiate to formSporophyte