Chapter 12Section 4

The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

Objectives:

• Explain the events leading to the Zwinglian Reformation

• Analyze the foundation of Calvinism and its spread throughout Europe

The Zwinglian Reformation

• Ulrich Zwingli: priest in Zurich who introduced reforms.– abolished relics and removed decorations from the

church.

• As his movement spread, he sought an alliance between Martin Luther and German reformers.– Both Swiss and German reformers believed they

need to unify against Catholic reformers, but were unable to agree of the meaning of the sacrament of communion.

– Page 994- Primary Source

• October 1531 war broke out between the Protestant and Catholic states in Switzerland.

• Zwingli was killed, and leadership of Protestantism was passed to John Calvin.

Ulrich Zwingli

John Calvin

Calvin and Calvinism

• Educated in France, but forced to flee after converting to Protestantism.– 1536- Published the Institute of the Christian

Religion

• Stood close to Luther on many doctrines, but believed in the all-powerful nature of God.

• This belief led him to the idea of predestination, that God determined in advance who would be saved.

• Calvin called this the “eternal decree” of an all-powerful God.

• In 1536 Calvin began working to reform the city of Geneva.

• Created a Consistory that was 1. set up to oversee Genevans’ moral life and

doctrinal purity 2. Operate as a court 3. Punish those who misbehave

By the mid 16th century, Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most dynamic form of Protestantism.

Closure:

• Board Summary: What did you learn today?

Objectives:

• Evaluate King Henry VIIIs role in the Reformation in England

• Analyze the impact of the Anabaptists• Compare and Contrast the transformative

aspects of the Reformation to the role of women in Society

The Reformation in England

• Reformation began in politics, not religion.• King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first

wife, Catherine of Aragon (who he had a daughter Mary with) and marry Anne Boleyn.

• He was impatient with the popes unwillingness to annul, or declare his marriage invalid.– Archbishop of Canterbury declared marriage null

and void, Anne was crowned queen and gave birth to a girl, who would become Elizabeth I

Henry VIII

• In 1534 Parliament moved to break with the Catholic Church.

– Henry beheaded Thomas More, a Christian humanist, who opposed his action.

– He also dissolved Catholic monasteries.

• Henry died in 1547, succeeded by his nine year old son Edward VI.

• Mary came to the throne in 1553.• Mary was a Catholic Queen, and

wanted it restored.– Had over three hundred Protestants

burned as heretics.

Mary I

Mary I

Catholic Queen Bloody Mary

Henry VI

King at 9, sick, died young Favored Protestant doctrines

King Henry VIII- Son with 3rd wife sickly Henry VI

Married Catherine of Aragon, Had Mary I

Married Anne Boleyn, had Queen Elizabeth I

The Anabaptists

• Many reformers gave power to the state. Those who believed in separation of Church and state were Anabaptists.

• Believed the true Christian church was adult believers, and practiced adult baptism.

• They were regarded as dangerous radicals.

Effects on the Role of Women

• The family was the center of life, and clergy could marry.

• A women was to be obedient to her husband and bear children.– The reformation did not change the lives

of women.

The Catholic Reformation

• The Catholic Church had a revitalization in the 16th century.– Supported by chief pillars: the Jesuits,

reforms of the papacy, and the Council of Trent

• Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits, was formed by Ignatius Loyola.–Made vows of absolute obedience to the

pope.– Used education to spread their mission.

• Pope Paul III formed a reform commission in 1537 to discover the Church’s ills.– Also began the Council of Trent.

• March 1545 a group of officials met in Trent and would meet on and off for the next 18 years.– Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings

and established clear doctrines.

• What did you learn today?

Homework:

• Page 401 1,2,4-6• Study for Quiz