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Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations

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Page 1: Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations. Mutations DNA contains the code of instructions for cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when the code is copied. - Such

Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations

Page 2: Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations. Mutations DNA contains the code of instructions for cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when the code is copied. - Such

Mutations

• DNA contains the code of instructions for cells.

• Sometimes, an error occurs when the code is copied. - Such errors are called mutations.

• Mutations are changes in the genetic material.

Page 3: Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations. Mutations DNA contains the code of instructions for cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when the code is copied. - Such

2 Types of Mutation

• 2 types:

1. Gene mutation produce changes in a single gene

2. Chromosomal mutation produce changes in whole chromosomes

Page 4: Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations. Mutations DNA contains the code of instructions for cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when the code is copied. - Such

Gene Mutations• Point mutation gene mutations involving

changes in 1 or a few nucleotides

- Occurs at a single point in the DNA sequence

• Includes:

a. Substitutions 1 base changed to another

b. Insertions a base is inserted or added

c. Deletions a base is deleted or removed

Page 5: Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations. Mutations DNA contains the code of instructions for cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when the code is copied. - Such

Cont. Gene Mutations

Substitution InsertionDeletion

• Substitutions usually affect no more than a single amino acid

• The effects of insertions/ deletions can be much more dramatic.

Page 6: Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations. Mutations DNA contains the code of instructions for cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when the code is copied. - Such

Cont. Gene Mutations• Frameshift mutations a

change that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message (caused insertion/ deletion)

- By shifting the reading frame, frameshift mutations may change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation.

- Can alter a protein so much that it is unable to perform its normal function

Page 7: Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations. Mutations DNA contains the code of instructions for cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when the code is copied. - Such
Page 8: Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations. Mutations DNA contains the code of instructions for cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when the code is copied. - Such

Gene MutationPicture of “Mighty Belgium Blue” cattle

- Alter in myostatin gene

- Produces meatier cattle/ 20% more meat per animal on roughly the same food intake as ordinary animals

Page 9: Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations. Mutations DNA contains the code of instructions for cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when the code is copied. - Such

Chromosomal Mutations• Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

a. Deletions involves loss of all or part of a chromosome

b. Duplication produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome

c. Inversions reverse the direction of parts of a chromosome

d. Translocation when part of a chromosome breaks off & attaches to another

Page 10: Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations. Mutations DNA contains the code of instructions for cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when the code is copied. - Such
Page 11: Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations. Mutations DNA contains the code of instructions for cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when the code is copied. - Such

Significance of Mutationsa) Harmful mutations

- Produce defective proteins that disrupt normal biological activities- Causes genetic disorders- Associated with many cancers

b) Beneficial mutations- Produce proteins w/ new/ altered activities that can be useful to organisms in different/ changing env- Source of genetic variability in species- Polyploidy an organism w/ extra sets of chromosomes

Ex: polyploid plants are often larger & stronger then diploid plants (bananas & many citrus

fruits)

Page 12: Chapter 12 Section 4 Mutations. Mutations DNA contains the code of instructions for cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when the code is copied. - Such

Polyploid


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