chapter 12: the cell cycle. what you must know: the structure of the duplicated chromosome. the cell...
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 12: THE CELL CYCLE
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WHAT YOU MUST KNOW:
• The structure of the duplicated chromosome.
• The cell cycle and stages of mitosis.• The role of kinases and cyclin in the regulation of the cell cycle.
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CELL CYCLE: LIFE OF A CELL FROM ITS FORMATION UNTIL IT DIVIDES
Functions of Cell Functions of Cell DivisionDivision: •Reproduction•Growth•Tissue Repair
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GENOME = ALL OF A CELL’S GENETIC INFO (DNA)
• ProkaryoteProkaryote: single, circular chromosome
• EukaryoteEukaryote: more than one linear chromosome• Eg. Human:46
chromosomes, mouse: 40, fruit fly: 8
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EACH CHROMOSOME MUST BE DUPLICATED BEFORE CELL DIVISION
• Duplicated chromosome = 2 sister sister chromatids chromatids attached by a centromerecentromere
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Somatic Cells• Body cells• Diploid (2n): 2 of
each type of chromosome
• Divide by mitosis
• Humans: 2n = 46
Gametes• Sex cells
(sperm/egg)• Haploid (n): 1 of
each type of chromosome
• Divide by meiosis
• Humans: n = 23
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PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE
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PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLEThe mitotic phase alternates with interphase:
G1 S G2 mitosis cytokinesisInterphase (90% of cell cycle)G1 Phase: cell grows and carries out normal functionsS Phase: duplicates chromosomesG2 Phase: prepares for cell divisionM Phase (mitotic)Mitosis: nucleus dividesCytokinesis: cytoplasm divides
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MITOSIS: PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE
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MITOSISContinuous process with observable structural
features:Chromosomes become visible (prophase)Alignment at the equator (metaphase)Separation of sister chromatids (anaphase)Form two daughter cells (telophase &
cytokinesis)
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Prophase & Prometaphase
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Metaphase & Anaphase
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CytokinesisCytoplasm of cell divided
• Animal Cells: cleavage furrow
• Plant Cells: cell plate forms
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CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMAL VS. PLANT CELLS
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ANIMAL CELL DIVISION
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PLANT CELL DIVISION
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WHICH PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE CAN YOU IDENTIFY?
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BACTERIAL CELLS DIVIDE BY BINARY BINARY FISSIONFISSION
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CELL CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
• Checkpoint = control point where stop/go signals regulate the cell cycle
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3 MAJOR CHECKPOINTS
1. G1. G11 checkpoint checkpoint (Most important!)
• Controlled by cell size, growth factors, environment
• “Go” completes whole cell cycle
• “Stop” cell enters nondividing state (G0 Phase)
• Nerve, muscle cells stay at G0; liver cells called back from G0
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GG11 CHECKPOINT CHECKPOINT
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2. G2. G22 checkpoint checkpoint
• Controlled by DNA replication completion, Controlled by DNA replication completion, DNA mutations, cell sizeDNA mutations, cell size
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3. M-spindle (Metaphase) checkpoint3. M-spindle (Metaphase) checkpoint• Check spindle fiber (microtubule)
attachment to chromosomes at kinetochores (anchor sites)
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M-SPINDLE CHECKPOINT:MITOTIC SPINDLE AT METAPHASE
Kinetochore = proteins associated with DNA at centromere
Kinetochore = proteins associated with DNA at centromere
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INTERNAL REGULATORY MOLECULES
• Kinases (cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk): protein enzyme controls cell cycle; active when connected to cyclin
• Cyclins: proteins which attach to kinases to activate them; levels fluctuate in the cell cycle
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INTERNAL REGULATORY MOLECULES
MPF = maturation-promoting factor• specific cyclin-Cdk complex which allows cells
to pass G2 and go to M phase
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EXTERNAL REGULATORY FACTORS
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EXTERNAL REGULATORY FACTORS
• Growth Factor: proteins released by other cells to stimulate cell division
• Density-Dependent Inhibition: crowded cells normally stop dividing; cell-surface protein binds to adjoining cell to inhibit growth
• Anchorage Dependence: cells must be attached to another cell or ECM to divide
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CANCER CELLS
Cancer: disorder in which cells lose the ability to control growth by not responding to regulation.
• multistep process of about 5-7 genetic changes (for a human) for a cell to transform
• loses anchorage dependency and density-dependency regulation
Normal Cells Cancer Cells
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TUMORS = MASS OF ABNORMAL CELLS
• Benign tumor: lump of cells remain at original site
• Malignant tumor: invasive - impairs functions of 1+ organs (called cancer)
• Metastasis: cells separate from tumor and travel to other parts of body
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CANCER PREVENTION
Anyone can get cancer but there are ways to minimize risk:
• Don’t smoke, legal or illegal (includes hookahs, chew, 2nd-hand smoke)
• Use sun protection• Exercise and keep weight at ideal level• Eat 5-7 servings of fruit and veggies a day• Use screening/preventative
measures-breast/testicle/mole checks• Practice abstinence or use condoms• Vaccines (eg. HPV)