C H A P T E R 1 2

THE POLITICS OF RECONSTRUCTION RECONSTRUCTING SOCIETY

THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION

The Defeated South

A: Because the majority of battles took place in the South, many Southern houses, farms, bridges, and railroads were destroyed.

Q: Based upon your observations of the map below, how were the North and the South effected differently as a result of the Civil War?

Main Idea

• Northern leaders had different ideas for dealing with the many issues and challenges of restoring the southern states to the Union

After the Civil War• The Civil War was the most costly war in American History in

terms of total devastation.

• At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and some experts say the toll reached 700,000.

• These casualties exceed the nation's loss in all its other wars, from the Revolution through Vietnam.

Amazing War Losses

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

Battle Sickness

NorthSouth

Ruins in Front of the Capitol – Richmond, VA, 1865

Grounds of the Ruined Arsenal with Scattered Shot and Shell - Richmond, VA, April 1865

Guns and Ruined Buildings Near the Tredegar Iron Works - Richmond, VA, April 1865

Right: Atlanta, Georgia

Above: Charleston, South Carolina

Crippled Locomotive, Richmond & Petersburg Railroad Depot - Richmond, VA, 1865

A Southern armored railroad gun has gone as far as it can on these rails, typifying Civil War destruction of Southern railroad tracks. (Virginia)

This famous photo was taken looking across the ruins of the railroad bridge in Fredericksburg, Virginia

· Newly freed slaves, freedmen, had no land, jobs, or education.

Left and right: post-Civil War Ohio

Atlanta, GA

RECONSTRUCTION

• Main Idea – Radical Republicans in Congress opposed Abraham Lincoln’s and Andrew Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction and instead implemented its own plan to rebuild the South after the Civil War.

RECONSTRUCTION

• Reconstruction (1865-1877)– def. – period during which the United States began to rebuild after the Civil War and included the process by which the federal government readmitted former Confederate states

PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTION

• Lincoln and Johnson

• Radical Republicans

LINCOLN AND JOHNSON

• Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan – • argued that the southern states

had never left the Union because secession was illegal– one nation indivisible

• when 10% of voters pledged allegiance to the U.S. – state could be readmitted to U.S.

• very lenient – goal was to readmit southern states as quick as possible, not to punish the South• “with malice towards none, with

charity for all…to bind up the nation’s wounds”

• Nothing included about African-Americans

• Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction – also very lenient toward the South

RADICAL REPUBLICANS

• Radical Republicans – northern members of Congress, led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, who opposed Lincoln’s Ten Percent plan and Johnson’s plan• Wanted to punish the

southern slave owners• Wanted to give African-

Americans the right to vote

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION

• Radical Republicans took control of Reconstruction policy in 1866• 14th Amendment – states

were prohibited from denying equal rights under the law to any American• SIG - granted citizenship rights

to African-Americans

• Reconstruction Act of 1867 – divided former Confederacy into 5 military districts (military occupation), set up new requirements to gain readmission to the Union

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION

• Johnson’s impeachment – Radical Republicans impeached Johnson, but he was not removed from office• Impeach – def. formal charge

of misconduct in office

• 15th Amendment – voting rights were guaranteed regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”• SIG - gave African American

men the right to vote

POLITICS IN POST WAR SOUTH

• Republican Party in the South relied on 3 groups• African Americans – right to

vote guaranteed by 15th Amendment• Sharecropping – many

African-Americans rented land from plantation owners in return for a share or percentage of the total crop produced

• Scalawags – Southerners who became Republicans

• Carpetbaggers – Northerner Republicans who moved to the South

THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION

• Anti-Black Violence• Election of 1876• Compromise of

1877

THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION

• Anti-Black violence – goal was to prevent African Americans from voting• Ku Klux Klan

(KKK) – violent terrorist organization devoted to white supremacy

THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION

• Election of 1876 – Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel Tilden (Democrat)• Tilden won the popular vote, Hayes won

the electoral college• South upset and disputed the election

THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION

• Compromise of 1877 – agreement to settle the disputed election• Hayes (Republican) =

president• Republicans would end military

occupation of the South ended• White Democrats took control

of southern state governments = “Redemption”

• SIG – Reconstruction is ended• white southern Democrats passed

“Jim Crow Laws” – called for segregation of the races throughout the South

• African Americans denied their constitutional rights

CULTURES CLASH ON THE PRAIRIE & SETTLING ON THE GREAT PLAINS

CHAPTER 13

CULTURES CLASH

• Main Idea – The cattle industry boomed in the late 1800s, as the culture of the Plains Indians declined. Settlers on the Great Plains transformed the land despite great hardships.

SETTLERS PUSH WESTWARD

• Background: Following the Civil War, the westward movement of settlers increased in the region between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean.

• Great Plains – def. – the grassy lands that extend through the western-central portion of the United States• Settlers focused on settling and

farming the Great Plains

• SIG – multiple conflicts with Native Americans resulted• Native American groups were

placed on reservations throughout the Great Plains

CATTLE BECOME BIG BUSINESS

• Background: Following the Civil War, railroads reached the Great Plains at the same time that the demand for beef increased in eastern cities.

• Cowboy – def. - herder of cattle on the Great Plains who could round up, rope, brand, and care for cattle during long cattle drives in the American West• Long cattle drive – transporting

of cattle over unfenced grazing lands between Texas and railroad centers on the Great Plains

SETTLERS MOVE WESTWARD TO FARM

• Transcontinental Railroad

• Homestead Act • Oklahoma Land Rush

TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD

• Background: Following the Civil War, railroads became very important in opening western lands to settlers and transporting crops to eastern markets

• Transcontinental Railroad (est. 1869)– linked eastern and western markets and led to increased settlement of western lands from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean

HOMESTEAD ACT

• Homestead Act (1862) – offered 160 acres of land in the West (for free) to any citizen who would settle and farm the land for 5 years• 600,000 families took

advantage of this government offer

• Many homesteaders were southerners – both White and African-American

OKLAHOMA LAND RUSH

• Oklahoma Land Rush (1889) – land-hungry settlers raced to claim lands in a massive land rush, people who left too early = Sooners

SUPPORT FOR FARMERS

• New Technology• Agricultural

Education

NEW TECHNOLOGY

• steel-tipped plow – invented by John Deere, helped farmers slice through heavy soil

• mechanical reaper – invented by Cyrus McCormick, increased speed of harvesting wheat

• barbed wire – prevented animals from trampling crops or wandering off from farms

• SIG – made farming more efficient and prosperous

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION

• Morrill Act (1862) – federal government gave land to states to build agricultural schools (ex: Virginia Tech)

• SIG – innovations and education led to more productive harvests

RESULTS

• Overall – By 1900, the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountain region of the American West was no longer a mostly unsettled frontier, but instead it became a region of farms, ranches and towns

THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY & BIG BUSINESS AND LABOR

CHAPTER 14 - SECTIONS 1+3

THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY & BIG BUSINESS AND LABOR

• Main Idea – At the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial revolution. The expansion of industry resulted in the growth of big business and prompted laborers to form labor unions to better their lives.

INVENTIONS PROMOTE CHANGE

• Bessemer Steel Process

• Light Bulb • Electricity• Telephone• Airplane• Assembly-Line Manufacturing

BESSEMER STEEL PROCESS

• (Henry Bessemer) – def. - new manufacturing process to make steel• SIG - new steel

products used for building railroads and skyscrapers

LIGHT BULB

• (Thomas Edison) – new development to serve as a source for light• SIG – made work

less dependent on natural sunlight

ELECTRICITY

• (Thomas Edison) - new power source for businesses and homes• SIG – electric power

ran industrial machines that could be located anywhere

TELEPHONE

• (Alexander Graham Bell) – revolutionized communications in business• SIG – saved time

and created new clerical jobs for women in business

AIRPLANE

• (Wright Brothers) – allowed for movement of goods and eventually people by air travel• First flight = Kitty

Hawk, NC in 1903• SIG – led to the

creation of a U.S. airmail system by 1920

ASSEMBLY-LINE MANUFACTURING

• (Henry Ford) – broke industrial tasks down into simpler parts and improved efficiency in production of cars• SIG – allowed for

increased efficiency in production for many industrial products

LEADERS OF INDUSTRY (AKA “ROBBER BARONS”)

• Andrew Carnegie • J.P. Morgan • John D. Rockefeller

• Cornelius Vanderbilt

ANDREW CARNEGIE

• Steel Industry• Scottish immigrant who

rose from “rags to riches”

• Carnegie Steel Company – made more steel than any other company in US

• Developed a monopoly – def. – complete control over an industry’s production, wages, and prices when all competitors are bought out

J.P. MORGAN

• Banking and Finance• Formed a holding

company – def. – corporation that did nothing but buy out stock of other companies

• Bought out Carnegie Steel in 1903 to create U.S. Steel = world’s largest business

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

• Oil Industry• Standard Oil Company –

controlled 90% of all U.S. oil production

• Controlled other companies by forming a trust – def. – several corporations made an agreement to be run by one executive board that ran the trust like one big company

• Standard Oil

CORNELIUS VANDERBILT

• Railroads• Dominated control

of much of the nation’s railroad lines in the Northeast and Midwest

REACTIONS AGAINST INDUSTRIALISTS

• Carnegie, Morgan, Rockefeller, and Vanderbilt were called “Robber Barons” by critics• Critics said they

were making money in a corrupt manner

REACTIONS AGAINST INDUSTRIALISTS

• Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) – made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with or “restrained” free trade • SIG - limited impact at first –

corporations were able to win court cases and continue consolidation tactics

• Unsafe working conditions and low pay caused workers/laborers to form Labor Unions devoted to improving the lives of workers

LABOR UNIONS EMERGE

• Knights of Labor • American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• American Railway Union (ARU)

• International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union

KNIGHTS OF LABOR

• founded by Uriah Stephens in 1869• Open to all workers

regardless of skill level, race or gender

• Supported an 8 hour workday

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFL)

• founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886• Open to skilled workers

only• Favored collective

bargaining – def. – negotiation between management and representatives of labor to reach an agreement on wages, hours, and working conditions

• Used strikes when necessary

AMERICAN RAILWAY UNION (ARU)

• founded by Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)• Open to all workers

within a specific industry (railroads) regardless of skill level

• Used strikes when necessary – involved in the Pullman Strike

INTERNATIONAL LADIES’ GARMENT WORKERS’ UNION

• founded by Pauline Newman• Labor union devoted

to female workers in the textile industry

• Used strikes when necessary

• Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire - New York City in 1911• 146 people (mostly

women) died as a result

STRIKES TURN VIOLENT

• Haymarket Square

• Pullman Strike • Homestead Strike

HAYMARKET SQUARE

• Chicago 1886• Bomb exploded in a

crowd of policemen, police fired into strikers

• public started to turn against labor unions

PULLMAN STRIKE

• near Pittsburgh 1892• Carnegie Steel plant

went on strike when wages were cut

• Violence broke out - Pennsylvania National Guard called in to break up the strike

HOMESTEAD STRIKE

• Chicago 1894• Pullman employees

went on strike after wages were cut

• Violence broke out – U.S. Army sent in by President Cleveland to break up the strike

STRIKES TURN VIOLENT

• SIG – violence in strikes caused the public to turn against labor unions

THE NEW IMMIGRANTSCHAPTER 15 – SECTION 1

NEW IMMIGRANTS

• Main Idea – Immigration reached a new high in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Most immigrants during this time period came from Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Asia. These immigrants often faced hardships and hostility from native-born Americans.

THE “GOLDEN DOOR”

• Old Immigrants• New Immigrants• Asian Immigrants

THROUGH THE GOLDEN DOOR

• Background: Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries• “push” factors (reasons

to leave their homeland) = famine, land shortages, religious or political persecution

• “pull” factors (reason to come to the U.S. ) = economic opportunity, freedom from persecution

OLD IMMIGRANTS

• – immigrants who came to the U.S. prior to 1871, usually from countries in Northern and Western Europe• Ex: Great Britain,

Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden

• Many worked on canals or railroads, or in textile mills in the North and Midwest

NEW IMMIGRANTS

• – immigrants who came to the U.S. from 1871 to 1921, usually from countries in Southern and Eastern Europe• Ex: Italy, Greece, Poland,

Russia, Austria-Hungary• Many worked in textile or

steel mills, or in coal mines in the Northeast

• Many worked in clothing industry in New York City

ASIAN IMMIGRATION

• smaller numbers of immigrants from China and Japan came to the West coast of the U.S. between 1851-1883• Ex: China, Japan• Many Chinese

immigrants helped to build the Transcontinental Railroad

ENTERING THE UNITED STATES

• Ellis Island• Angel Island

ELLIS ISLAND

• – immigration center in New York harbor (1892-1924) • Located near the Statue of

Liberty = first view of U.S. for many immigrants

• Immigrants had to pass inspection to gain entry to the U.S. • Inspection = physical exam,

legal/document inspection, proof of no criminal record, proof of ability to work

• SIG – 17 million immigrants entered the U.S. through Ellis Island

ANGEL ISLAND

• – immigration center in San Francisco (1910-1940)• Inspection process

was more difficult than at Ellis Island

• SIG – 50,000 Chinese immigrants entered U.S. through Angle Island

ASSIMILATION

• Most immigrants settled in urban ethnic neighborhoods = areas with people of the same ethnicity, culture, religion, and language• Made assimilation into

American society easier

• Most immigrants worked hard to learn English, adopt American customs, and become American citizens• Public schools = essential in

the process of assimilating children of immigrants

MELTING POT

• – a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs

NATIVISM

• – favoritism of native-born Americans combined with anti-immigrant feelings• Fear that immigrants would

take jobs for lower pay than American workers

• Resentment that many immigrants did not give up their unique cultural identities

• Prejudice based on religious, cultural, and racial differences

IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION LEGISLATION

• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – 10 year ban on all Chinese immigration

• Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 – aimed at severely restricting the immigration totals of Southern and Eastern European immigrants