chapter 13 organic chemistry - bakersfield college scienc… · · 2011-04-07chapter 13 organic...
TRANSCRIPT
4/7/2011
1
Chapter 13 Organic ChemistryChapter 13 Organic ChemistryChapter 13 Organic ChemistryChapter 13 Organic Chemistry
•13-1. Carbon Bonds
•13-2. Alkanes
•13-3. Petroleum Products
•13-4. Structural Formulas
•13-5. Isomers
•13-6. Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons
•13-7. Benzene
•13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups
•13-9. Functional Groups
•13-10. Polymers
•13-11. Carbohydrates
•13-12. Photosynthesis
•13-13. Lipids
•13-14. Proteins
•13-15 Soil Nitrogen
•13-16. Nucleic Acids
•13-17. Origin of Life1
4/7/2011
2
Organic chemistryOrganic chemistryOrganic chemistryOrganic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon
compounds; inorganic chemistryinorganic chemistryinorganic chemistryinorganic chemistry is the chemistry
of compounds of all elements other than carbon.
The general properties of carbon compounds are:
1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes.
2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are usually slow.
3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air but rapidly if heated.
4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures.
2
4/7/2011
3
13131313----3.3.3.3. Petroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsFractional distillation
Catalytic crackingModern cracking uses zeolites as the
catalyst.
3
4/7/2011
4
Polymerization-the making of plastics
Vinyl
13131313----3.3.3.3. Petroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum Products
4
4/7/2011
5
13131313----3.3.3.3. Petroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum Products
5
4/7/2011
6
13131313----4.4.4.4. Structural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural Formulas
Alkanes or Hydrocarbons
Methane 1 carbon
Ethane 2 carbons
Propane 3 carbons
Butane 4 carbons
Pentane 5 carbons
Hexane 6 carbons
Heptane 7 carbons
Octane 8 carbons
6
4/7/2011
8
13131313----4.4.4.4. Structural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasFunctional Groups
Alkenes
Ethene 2 carbons
Propene 3 carbons
Butene 4 carbons
Pentene 5 carbons
Hexene 6 carbons
Heptene 7 carbons
Octene 8 carbons
Alkynes
Acetylene 2 carbons
Propyne 3 carbons
Butyne 4 carbons
Pentyne 5 carbons
Hexyne 6 carbons
Heptyne 7 carbons
Octyne 9 carbons
8
4/7/2011
10
Alcohols
Ethanol 2 carbons
Propanol 3 carbons
Butanol 4 carbons
Pentanol 5 carbons
Hexanole 6 carbons
Heptanol 7 carbons
Octanol 8 carbons
13131313----4.4.4.4. Structural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasFunctional Groups
10
4/7/2011
11
Ethersoxygen in the middle
AldehydesDouble bond “O” with “H” on end
13131313----4.4.4.4. Structural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasFunctional Groups
11
4/7/2011
12
KetonesDouble bond “O” in middle
13131313----4.4.4.4. Structural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasFunctional Groups
Carboxylic AcidsDouble bond “O” with “OH”
12
4/7/2011
13
AminesNH2 on end
13131313----4.4.4.4. Structural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasFunctional Groups
EstersDouble bond “O” with “O” both in middle
13
4/7/2011
15
13-5. Isomers
Optical Isomers Structural Isomers
13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated compounds have double or
triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more
reactive than saturated compounds,
which have only single carbon-carbon
bonds (alkanes and similar compounds).
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educm
at/chm19104/isomers/intro.htm
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/ch
m19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm
15
4/7/2011
16
13.7 Benzene 13.7 Benzene 13.7 Benzene 13.7 Benzene Aromatic compounds
Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that
do not contain benzene rings. 16
4/7/2011
17
13-10 Polymers
A polymer is a long chain of simple
molecules (monomers) linked together.
Polymers that contain the vinyl group are classed as vinyls. Some examples of
polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon,
and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be shaped when heated but becomes rigid
again on cooling..
17
4/7/2011
19
13-10 Polymers
.A copolymer is a polymer that consists of
two different monomers. Dynel and Saran
Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that contain two double bonds in each molecule
form flexible, elastic polymers called
elastomers; rubber and neoprene are examples. Polyamides and polyesters are polymers produced by chemical reactions
rather than by the polymerization of monomers.
19
4/7/2011
20
13-10 Polymers
.Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between
carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a no-
stick surface in cookware.
20
4/7/2011
21
13131313----11.11.11.11. CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates
D-Allose D-Altrose D-Glucose D-Mannose D-Gulose D-Idose D-Galactose D-Talose
D-Glucose(an aldose)
α-D-Glucose β-D-Glucose β-D-Glucose(chair form)
21
4/7/2011
22
Sucrose Lactose Maltose
13.11 Polysaccharides13.11 Polysaccharides13.11 Polysaccharides13.11 Polysaccharides
Amylopectin 22
4/7/2011
23
Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to
paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in the stomachs of cows help them digest cellulose in plants.
13.11 Polysaccharides13.11 Polysaccharides13.11 Polysaccharides13.11 Polysaccharides
23
4/7/2011
26
13131313----13.13.13.13. LipidsLipidsLipidsLipids
Saturated and
Unsaturated Fatty Acid 26
4/7/2011
28
13131313----14.14.14.14. ProteinsProteinsProteinsProteins
The polypeptide chain forms a backbone structure
in proteins:
On first inspection, this structure appears to be
connected entirely by single C-C or C-N bonds. It
should therefore be as flexible as a simple
hydrocarbon chain.
Note that flexing in a covalent structure does not
occur by bending bonds, and the normal
tetrahedral or trigonal planar bond angles are
maintained. Instead, different shapes are obtained
by torsional rotation about the axis of the bonds:
28
4/7/2011
30
13131313----16. Nucleic Acids16. Nucleic Acids16. Nucleic Acids16. Nucleic Acids
. Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation.
30
4/7/2011
32
Lecture Quiz 13
1. What is the primary product we get from
oil?
2. Give an example of an alcohol.
3. What would be the name of an alkane
with 8 carbons?
4. What is another name for sugars?
5. Give an example of a polysaccharide.
32
4/7/2011
34
Lecture Quiz 13
1. What is the primary product we get from oil? gasoline
2. Give an example of an alcohol. CH3OH
3. What would be the name of an alkane with 8 carbons? octane
4. What is another name for sugars? carbohydrates
5. Give an example of a polysaccharide. Cellulose, starch, sucrose or table sugar
34
4/7/2011
35
Lecture Quiz 13
1. What are 3 products we get from oil?
2. Give an example of a polymer.
3. What would be the name of an alkane
with 4 carbons?
4. What is another name for carbohydrates?
5. Give an example of a lipid.
35