chapter 13 reconstruction (1865-1877)

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Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

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Chapter 13 Section 1 Presidential Reconstruction

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Page 1: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Chapter 13Reconstruction

(1865-1877)

Page 2: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Chapter 13 Section 1Presidential Reconstruction

Page 3: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. The Civil War left the South in ruins

B. Reconstruction (1865-1877) – the federal government’s controversial

effort to repair the damage to the South and to restore Southern States to the Union – spanned four American Presidents

I. Describe the condition of the South in the aftermath of the Civil War.

Page 4: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

C. The War’s Aftermath

1. Physical Toll – railroads, bridges, farms, factories, ports

2. Human Toll

a. North lost 364,ooo

b. South lost 260,000

I. Describe the condition of the South in the aftermath of the Civil War.

Page 5: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

C. The War’s Aftermath2. Human Toll

c. Southern Hardships1. Black Southerners – as slaves had food and

shelter, however inadequate – as

freedmen they were homeless

and hungry

2. Plantation Owners – lost labor, lost plantations,

worthless Confederate money

3. Poor White Southerners – could no longer find work

because of competition

from freedmen

I. Describe the condition of the South in the aftermath of the Civil War.

Page 6: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Lincoln’s Plan

1. It offered a pardon – an official forgiveness of a crime – to

any Confederate who would take an

oath of allegiance to the Union and

accept the federal policy on slavery2. Lincoln set a tone of forgiveness3. Congress saw Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan as a threat to

congressional authority4. Radical Republicans viewed Lincoln as too lenient5. Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865

II. Compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln and Johnson.

Page 7: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

B. Johnson’s Plan

1. Andrew Johnson – a former slave owner – supported by poor white

Southerners2. Pardoned Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union3. Each state to hold a constitutional convention4. States required to void succession, abolish slavery,

ratify the Thirteenth (13th) Amendment5. States to hold elections and resume participation6. Johnson was more generous to the South than Lincoln7. Johnson freely gave pardons to Southern officials

II. Compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln and Johnson.

Page 8: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Freedom of Movement

B. Freedom to Own Land

1. True freedom would come only with economic independence

2. Newly freed African Americans urged the federal

government to redistribute Southern land

3. Proposals to give white-owned land to freedmen got little

political support

III. Explain how newly freed slaves began to rebuild their lives and how the federal government helped them.

Page 9: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

C. Freedom to Worship

1. The most visible new black organizations in the South were churches

D. Freedom to Learn

E. The Freedmen’s Bureau

1. Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau to help black

Southerners adjust to freedom2. First major federal relief agency in United States history

III. Explain how newly freed slaves began to rebuild their lives and how the federal government helped them.

Page 10: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Chapter 13 Section 2Congressional Reconstruction

Page 11: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Black Codes

1. Black Codes – restricted the rights of freedmen in the

South

a. Curfews – sunsetb. Vagrancy Laws – not workingc. Labor Contracts – signed for a year’s

worth of workd. Limits on Women’s Rights

– forced to do farm labore. Land Restrictions

– forced to live in rural areas - plantations

I. Describe the relationship between the black codes and Fourteenth (14th) Amendment.

Page 12: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Black Codes

2. Under Johnson’s Reconstruction plan, white Southerners

began to enact laws that gave whites power over

African Americans

3. Enraged Northern Republicans in Congress blamed

President Johnson for Southern Democrats’ return to power

I. Describe the relationship between the black codes and Fourteenth (14th) Amendment.

Page 13: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

B. Fourteenth (14th) Amendment

1. Congress used one of its greatest tools: the power to amend the Constitution

2. 1866 – Congress passed a Civil Rights Act

3. Fourteenth (14th) Amendmenta. Part of a series of laws that ensured the

Civil Rights of African Americans

b. Guaranteed that all people born or naturalized in

the United States were citizens and that no state

could restrict their rights

I. Describe the relationship between the black codes and Fourteenth (14th) Amendment.

Page 14: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Radical Reconstruction

1. Radical – extreme position

2. Moderate – someone who supports the mainstream views

of the party

3. Civil Rights – citizens’ personal liberties guaranteed by

law – voting rights and equal treatment

II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.

Page 15: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Radical Reconstruction

4. Strict Laws Imposed

a. Reconstruction Act of 18671. Put the South under military rule2. New elections / new state

constitutions3. All qualified male voters allowed to

vote including African American

males4. Ratify the Fourteenth (14th)

Amendment

II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.

Page 16: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Radical Reconstruction

5. Congress and the President

a. When Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act, he

was impeached by the House of Representatives

b. Impeach – charge a government official with

wrongdoingc. Johnson Impeached

1. Johnson’s firing of Sec. of War Stanton

2. “high crimes and misdemeanors”3. Senate voted, Johnson was NOT

removed from office

II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.

Page 17: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Radical Reconstruction

6. Ulysses S. Grant is Elected

a. Johnson finished his term without a mandate and

no support from his party

b. Johnson returned to Tennessee and regained his

Senate seat as a Democrat

c. Republican Ulysses S. Grant won the Election of 1868

II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.

Page 18: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

B. The Fifteenth (15th) Amendment

1. Freedmen demanded citizenship rights to:vote, hold public office, serve on juries,

and to testify in court

2. Fifteenth (15th) Amendmenta. Guaranteed African Americans the right

to vote - race, color, or previous condition of

servitudeb. In 1870, thanks to the Fifteenth (15th)

Amendment, southern black men voted for the first

time

II. Summarize the effects of Radical Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth (15th) Amendment.

Page 19: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. The Republican South

1. Carpetbaggers – northern Republicans who moved to the

postwar South – rushed to profit from

southern misery

2. Scalawags – “scrawny cattle” – white southern Republicans – former Whigs who

had opposed secession

III. Analyze conditions in the South under Republican government.

Page 20: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Chapter 13 Section 3Birth of the “New South”

Page 21: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Changing in Farming

1. WANTED: Workers

2. Sharecropping – keeping part of the crop in return for

labor – worked under supervision

3. Tenant Farming – paying to rent land – chose what to

plant and when to work

4. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers did not own the land they farmed

I. Summarize the post Civil War changes in southern agriculture.

Page 22: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

B. Effects on the South

1. Changes in the labor force2. Emphasis on cash crops – new farming arrangements led

to a focus on cash crops – cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane

– not food crops3. Cycle of Debt

a. The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 tried to help

Southerners by offering low-cost land4. Rise of Merchants

a. Tenant farming encouraged the rise of a new class

of wealthy merchants

I. Summarize the post Civil War changes in southern agriculture.

Page 23: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Cities and Industry – “New South”

1. The Growth of Citiesa. Reconstruction succeeded in rebuilding

many of the South’s railroads

2. Limits of Industrial Growtha. Most of the South’s postwar industrial

growth came from cotton mills

b. Big profits went to northern companies that sold

the finished product

II. Explain the achievements and limitations of urban and industrial growth in the South.

Page 24: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Raising Money

1. Infrastructure – includes roads, bridges, and telegraph

lines

2. One example of the wise use of Reconstruction funds

was investing in tax payer supported public education

3. Much of the money for improving infrastructure and

education in the South came from taxes on individuals

III. List the beneficial and the harmful ways in which Reconstruction funds were used.

Page 25: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Chapter 13 Section 4The End of Reconstruction

Page 26: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Spreading Terror

1. The main goal of the Ku Klux Klan’s terror was to drive the

Republicans out of the South

2. The Federal Response

a. Congress reacted to Klan terror by passing the

Enforcement Act of 1870

1. Banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to

prevent people from voting because of

their race

I. Assess the impact of racial terrorism on the South.

Page 27: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Reconstruction Ends

1. Legislatures taxed and spent heavily

2. Reconstruction came to symbolize corruption, greed, and

poor government

3. Solid South – new bloc of Democrats – reversed many

reforms of the Reconstruction legislatures

II. Explain why the Reconstruction period came to an end.

Page 28: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

B. The Compromise of 1877

1. The Compromise of 1877 helped Democrats regain

control of southern politics

2. Democrats agreed to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes

to be given the victory in the Presidential Election of 1876

3. In return, Hayes agreed to remove the remaining federal

troops from southern states

II. Explain why the Reconstruction period came to an end.

Page 29: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Successes of Reconstruction

1. Restoring the Union and helping to repair the war-torn South

2. Stimulated economic growth

3. 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

4. Freedmen’s Bureau established

5. Southern states adopted the northern states system of

mandatory, tax-supported education

III. List the major successes and failures of Reconstruction.

Page 30: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

B. Failures of Reconstruction

1. The inability to move black Southerners out of poverty

2. Ku Klux Klan and other terrorism

3. Racist attitudes

4. Greed and corruption

III. List the major successes and failures of Reconstruction.

Page 31: Chapter 13 Reconstruction (1865-1877)

C. Civil Rights Battles Continue

1. During the Era of Reconstruction, women fought unsuccessfully for voting rights

III. List the major successes and failures of Reconstruction.