chapter 13 the triumph of industry chapter 13. change in workforce in 1881, nearly three quarters of...
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Chapter 13
The Triumph Of Industry Chapter 13
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Change in workforce
In 1881, nearly three quarters of a million immigrants arrived to the U.S
They were willing to work for low wages, in order to support their families
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Rise of Big Businesses
Pre Civil War Usually financed by
one person Only a few people
were wealthy Specialized in single
operations Middle class:
farmers, shopkeepers etc.
Industrialization Range of operations New middle class: white
collared workers Management was required
to maintain the businesses Larger Investment
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Big Businesses and Corporation
Investors developed a form of group ownership known as corporation
Wanted to increase and maximize profits Cheap labor
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Robber Barons
Cornelius Vanderbilt Steamboat Railroad industry
John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Company
Andrew Carnegie Steel Tycoon
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John D. Rockefeller Andrew Carnegie
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Standard Oil Company
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Government Regulation
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Railroad operations
Sherman Anti-Trust Act Trusts
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Social Darwinism
Charles Darwin “natural selection” and “survival of the
fittest” William Graham Sumner applied this
theory to businesses, and called it Social Darwinism
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Organized Labor Movement
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President Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 The first Democrat elected
to the presidency after the Civil War
Believed that the people should support the government but the government does not need to support the people
Angered many with his strong stand against government favors and inevitably lost the election of 1888.
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Factory Work
Poor working conditions
Long hours Low wages Worked in
Sweatshops Child Labor
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Methods of Unions & Owners
• Collective Bargaining: the process by which wages, hours, rules, and working conditions are negotiated and agreed upon by a union with an employer for all the employees
• Arbitration: the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties (often used to settle disputes between labor and management)
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Labor Unions
AFL (American Federation of Labor) 1886- Samuel
Gompers Craft Union Membership dues Opposed women as
workers Wanted to better
wages, working hours and working conditions
Knights of Labor 1869 Uriah Stephens Both skilled and
unskilled workers Welcomed African
Americans and Women 700,000 men and
women nationwide Worked towards 8
hour work day, end to child labor, and equal opportunities for women
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Haymarket Riot May 1886, thousands of
workers began a strike for an eight hour work day
On May 4, protesters gathered at Haymarket Square in Chicago
Police ordered the protest to disperse, and a bomb was thrown by an unknown person
Knights of Labor involvement declined
Employers were more suspicious of union activities
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Homestead Strike
1892 Union members at the Carnegie steel plant went on strike to protest a wage cut.
Management brought in security guards in order to protect the plant
National guard was needed to help end the fight (16 people were killed)
The strike brought the union movement to a stand still
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Pullman Strike 1893 Pullman Palace Car
company laid off workers and reduced wages by 25%
George Pullman owner, required workers to live in the company town
Led by Eugene V. Debs 300,000 rail workers left
their jobs and the strike escalated
President Cleveland sent in federal troops to end the strike
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Immigration and Urbanization
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Why America?
“Push Factors” Famine War persecution
“Pull Factors” Chain immigrants Economic opportunity Religious freedom
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Elis Island
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Opportunities and Challenges
Difficulty learning new language Employment Most stayed close to the cities
Ghettos Americanization Programs
Helped immigrants adopt to the American dress and diet
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“Melting Pot”
Term used to describe American Society
People of all different nationalities, and religion, blend together to create one society.
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Hostility
Immigration Act of March 3, 1891 Chinese Exclusion Act Nativism
Difference in culture and religion
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Urbanization: Living in the City
Advantages great opportunity for women Variety of jobs children had the opportunity to go to school entertainment
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New Technology
New technologies were invented to improve living conditions
Skyscrapers Elisha Otis, developed the safety elevator
Mass transit
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Problems with Urban Living
Crowded Lived in tenements
Low cost multifamily housing Poor sanitation Only new urban dwellings had indoor toilets Fires
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Gilded Age
1873 author Mark Twain ridiculed American life in his novel The Gilded Age
People are becoming consumed with materials goods.
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Higher Standards of Living
Americans began measuring their wealth by what they could buy.
Conspicuous Consumerism People wanted and bought new products on the
market Materialistic Society
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Literature and Entertainment
Newspapers circulation increased “A Girl in the Streets” 1893 Many questioned society, and some
disapproved of the new lifestyle Mark Twain Henry James
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Education
Public education grew rapidly Literacy rate increased Schools became more specialized in
what they taught Limited access to white-male dominated
schools introduced the growth of African American schools
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Entertainment
1884 worlds first roller coaster First amusement parks
Vaudeville shows Musical dramas, and songs
Baseball, football, and boxing became popular spectator sports