chapter 13: tropical asia and africa what problems would arise for people living in the tropics?
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 13: Tropical Asia and Africa
What problems would arise for people living in the tropics?
Geography
Located on the edge of the Sahara
African grasslands Tropical rain forests Climate is warm year
round, there is a WET and a DRY season
Monsoons (seasonal winds) affect trade and agriculture. HOW?
Human adaptation
Societies developed based on how they made use of plants and animals of their physical environment– Camels in the Sahara– Fishing on the coasts
Ranged from hunters and gatherers to herders
Water systems
Where water was abundant = large populations
Constructed dams, irrigation canals, and reservoirs
India, Cambodia, Sri Lanka constructed huge water – control projects susceptible to natural disaster
Mineral Resources
Iron for agriculture, weapons, and needles.
Copper important to Africa for wire and art, also known for gold supply.
Metalwork provided work for ordinary people and supported the economy.
New Islamic Empires
1. Mali in Western Africa
2. Delhi Sultanate in India
Islamic Mali
Spread to Africa through peaceful conversion and trade.
Sundiata – Muslim leader of the Malinke people established the Kingdom of Mali– Controlled the gold mines of the Niger River
headwaters
Mansa Kankan Musa – leader who went on a pilgrimage to Mecca
Declined in the 15th century due to rebellions
The Delhi Sultanate in India
– Muslim Turkish conquers took over in 1206 – 1236 by Sultan Iltutmish
– Passed throne to his daughter Raziya, but driven from power by men unwilling to accept female leadership
– Sultans ruled through terror.– Timur the Lame destroyed Delhi in 1398
Indian Ocean Trade
Monsoon Mariners– 1200 – 1500 by the
prosperity of Latin Europe, Asia, and Africa
– India to Southwest Asia – Junks dominated trade routes
– Each region had a major port for trade and supplying particular goods
Africa; Swahili Coast and Zimbabwe
1500 ce = 30 to 40 city states in Africa
Swahili is a language that mixes Arabic and Persian
Kilwa – a city famous for gold
Zimbabwe’s economy rested on agriculture, cattle herding, and trade.
Declined because of deforestation and overgrazing.
Arabia; Aden and the Red Sea
Aden had enough rainfall to produce wheat
Central location for trade in the Persian Gulf, East Africa, and Egypt
Common intterest in trade allowed various religions and peoples to live in peace
India; Gujarat and the Malabar Coast
Gujarat exported cotton and indigo in return for gold and silver
Manufactures leather, silk, carpet, and textiles.
Malabar coast exported cotton and spices
Southeast Asia: the Rise of Malacca
Strait of Malacca is a passage from Indian Ocean to the South China Sea
14th century gangs of Chinese pirates preyed on the strait
1407 the Ming Dynasty crushed the pirates
Architecture, learning, and religion
African and Indian mosques are an example of the synthesis of middle eastern architecture.
Local rock carvers in Ethiopia carved 11 churches out of solid rock.
Spread of Islam brought literacy to Africa along with Greek science, math, and medicine.
Timbuktu, Delhi, and Malacca were centers of Islamic learning.
Islamic destruction of the last Buddhist center in India led to the spread of Islam in India
Islam itself changed in Africa, India, and Indonesian societies as it spread.
Social and Gender Distinctions
Slavery increased in Africa and India. 2.5 million African slaves were transported across the Sahara between 1200 –1500
Most slaves were trained for specialized work – copper mining, while women would be household servants and entertainers
Large numbers of slaves meant the price was lowWomen’s status was determined by their male mastersSpread of Islam may have had some effect on
women’s rights.
Atlas Assignment
TITLE = Indian Ocean Trade 600 – 1500Label – Strait of Malacca, Kilwa, Timbuktu,
Mogadishu, India, Delhi, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, South China Sea, Indian Ocean, Egypt, Ethiopia, Mali, and Turkey.
COLORS – Delhi Sultanate, Islamic Mali, Southeast Asia, Islamic Middle East
10 other symbols (like Chinese Pirates or Monsoons)